{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:49:41Z","timestamp":1792259381926,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is a globally distributed disease of warm-blooded animals. It is caused by the opportunistic parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). One-third of the global human population is believed to be infected with T. gondii. Cats serve as final host of T. gondii and are the main source of contamination of soil and water. This study aimed to detect genotypes of T. gondii in cats. Fecal samples (n = 400) were collected from districts of South Punjab (Khanewal and Sahiwal), and were processed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The obtained oligonucleotide sequences (T. gondii) were submitted to the GenBank database, and the evolutionary tree was constructed using MEGA-X software. Seven fecal samples (3.5%) from cats were positive. Five out of thirteen fecal samples (38.46%) found to be positive for T. gondii with microscopy were confirmed by PCR. After phylogenetic analysis with 3 clonal types and atypical strains, isolates of T. gondii in current study were more closely linked to a typical strain (AF249696). Besides genotyping from cats, seroprevalence from humans and ruminants is still considered to be the best and easiest way to identify the Toxoplasma. Blood samples were collected from sheep and goats (n = 2000 each), and human blood samples (n = 400) were collected from the same vicinity. Seroprevalence was determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. In Khanewal, the blood samples of 292 goats (29.2%) and 265 sheep (26.5%), and 6 fecal samples from cats (3%) were positive. Out of 200 human blood samples, 52 were positive, with a seroprevalence of 26%. In the Sahiwal district, the blood samples from 49 humans, 235 sheep and 348 goats were positive, with seroprevalence of 24.5%, 23.5% and 34.8%, respectively. The present study revealed the current circulating genotype of T. gondii from cats in the districts Khanewal and Sahiwal and the seroprevalence of the organism in small ruminants and humans living in the same vicinity. Further genotype analyses of the organism from ruminants and humans are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T09:49:41Z","timestamp":1649065781000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Cats and Its Zoonotic Potential for Public Health Significance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mian","family":"Abdul Hafeez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muntazir","family":"Mehdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faiza","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Tahir","family":"Aleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdur Rauf","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeel","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Fakhra","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alouffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Obaid","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abu Bakr","family":"Shabbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institue of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umer","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey,  Surrey GU27XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashal M.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7615810","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and other gastrointestinal parasites in domestic cats from households in Thika region, Kenya","volume":"2017","author":"Njuguna","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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