{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:10:55Z","timestamp":1777486255096,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/210.268\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.268\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/010.002420\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/010.002420\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26\/201\/244\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26\/201\/244\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection causes intense cytokine\/chemokine inflammatory responses and debilitating joint pain. Indoleamine2,3\u2013dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) is an enzyme that initiates the tryptophan degradation that is important in initial host innate immune defense against infectious pathogens. Besides that, IDO-1 activation acts as a regulatory mechanism to prevent overactive host immune responses. In this study, we evaluated IDO-1 activity and cytokine\/chemokine patterns in CHIKV patients. Higher IDO-1 (Kyn\/Trp ratio) activation was observed during the early acute phase of CHIKV infection and declined in the chronic phase. Importantly, increased concentrations of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interferon \u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2\/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (CCL2\/MCP-1) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10\/Interferon Protein-10 (CXCL10\/IP-10) were found in the acute phase of infection, while C-C motif chemokine ligand 4\/Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1 \u03b2 (CCL4\/MIP-1\u03b2) was found at increased concentrations in the chronic phase. Likewise, CHIKV patients with arthritis had significantly higher concentrations of CCL4\/MIP-1\u03b2 compared to patients without arthritis. Taken together, these data demonstrated increased IDO-1 activity, possibly exerting both antiviral effects and regulating exacerbated inflammatory responses. CCL4\/MIP-1\u03b2 may have an important role in the persistent inflammation and arthritic symptoms following chikungunya infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T21:08:22Z","timestamp":1649365702000},"page":"444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Increased Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) Activity and Inflammatory Responses during Chikungunya Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Thiara","family":"Alves de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, 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Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Damasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Medicine and Surgery School, Gaffr\u00e9e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (UniRio), Rio de Janeiro 20270-004, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e1lber","family":"da Silva Frutuoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoela","family":"Heringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Biomedicine Laboratory, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro 20231-092, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luzia","family":"de Oliveira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8471-4227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1309-5366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elzinandes","family":"Leal de 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