{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T19:56:07Z","timestamp":1778097367796,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A20257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National System for Layer Production Technology","award":["CARS-40-K14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-40-K14"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2020NZZJ001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020NZZJ001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020SCUNL206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020SCUNL206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The CTX-M-55 type extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae is increasing in prevalence worldwide without the transmission mechanism being fully clarified, which threatens public and livestock health. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have been shown to mediate the gene horizontal transmission in some species. However, whether blaCTX-M-55 can be transmitted horizontally through OMVs in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) has not been reported yet. To test this hypothesis, an ESBL-producing APEC was isolated and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to analyze the location of blaCTX-M-55. Ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography was used to isolate and purify OMVs, and the transfer experiment of blaCTX-M-55 via OMVs was performed finally. Our results showed that the blaCTX-M-55 was located on an IncI2 plasmid. The number and diameter of OMVs secreted by ESBL-producing APEC treated with different antibiotics were significantly varied. The transfer experiment showed that the OMVs could mediate the horizontal transfer of blaCTX-M-55, and the frequency of gene transfer ranged from 10\u22125 to 10\u22126 CFU\/mL with the highest frequency observed in the Enrofloxacin treatment group. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the antibiotics in promoting and disseminating resistance in the poultry industry and support the restrictions on the use of antibiotics in the poultry industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T01:03:01Z","timestamp":1650330181000},"page":"481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Outer Membrane Vesicles of Avian PathogenicEscherichia coli Mediate the Horizontal Transmission of blaCTX-M-55"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4240-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renqiao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheren","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, 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