{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:53:08Z","timestamp":1791615188812,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lyme disease (LD) is a tick-borne disease which has been emerging in temperate areas in North America, Europe, and Asia. In Quebec, Canada, the number of human LD cases is increasing rapidly and thus surveillance of LD risk is a public health priority. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ability of active sentinel surveillance to track spatiotemporal trends in LD risk. Using drag flannel data from 2015\u20132019, we calculated density of nymphal ticks (DON), an index of enzootic hazard, across the study region (southern Quebec). A Poisson regression model was used to explore the association between the enzootic hazard and LD risk (annual number of human cases) at the municipal level. Predictions from models were able to track both spatial and interannual variation in risk. Furthermore, a risk map produced by using model predictions closely matched the official risk map published by provincial public health authorities, which requires the use of complex criteria-based risk assessment. Our study shows that active sentinel surveillance in Quebec provides a sustainable system to follow spatiotemporal trends in LD risk. Such a network can support public health authorities in informing the public about LD risk within their region or municipality and this method could be extended to support Lyme disease risk assessment at the national level in Canada.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11050531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1651475338000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sentinel Surveillance Contributes to Tracking Lyme Disease Spatiotemporal Risk Trends in Southern Quebec, Canada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Camille","family":"Guillot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique (GREZOSP), Departement of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M1, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Risk Sciences Divisions, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Buhler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"Dumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique (GREZOSP), Departement of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Milord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Directorate (Direction de Sant\u00e9 Publique), Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux (CISSS) of Mont\u00e9r\u00e9gie-Centre, Longueuil, QC J4K 2M3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Ripoche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Risks, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec (INSPQ), Montreal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxane","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Risks, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec (INSPQ), Montreal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick A.","family":"Leighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique (GREZOSP), Departement of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2019.1694293","article-title":"Lyme disease in Western Europe: An emerging problem? 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