{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:00:23Z","timestamp":1787752823790,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["6 NH25PS005127-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6 NH25PS005127-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Syphilis and congenital syphilis (CS) are increasing in California (CA). From 2015 through 2019, for example, CA cases of early syphilis among reproductive-age females (15\u201344) and CS each increased by &gt;200%. Certain populations\u2014including people experiencing homelessness, using drugs, and\/or belonging to certain racial\/ethnic groups\u2014have been disproportionately impacted. We hypothesized that geospatial social determinants of health (SDH) contribute to such health inequities. To demonstrate this, we geospatially described syphilis in CA using the Healthy Places Index (HPI). The HPI is a composite index that assigns a score to each CA census tract based on eight socioeconomic characteristics associated with health (education, housing, transportation, neighborhood conditions, clean environment, and healthcare access as well as economic and social resources). We divided CA census tracts into four quartiles based on HPI scores (with the lowest quartile having the least healthy socioeconomic and environmental conditions), then used 2013\u20132020 CA sexually transmitted diseases surveillance data to compare overall syphilis (among adults and adolescents) and CS case counts, incidence rates (per 100,000 population or live births), and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) among these quartiles. From 2013 to 2020, across all stages of syphilis and CS, disease burden was greatest in the lowest HPI quartile and smallest in the highest quartile (8308 cases (representing 33.2% of all incidents) versus 3768 (15.1%) for primary and secondary (P&amp;S) syphilis; 5724 (31.6%) versus 2936 (16.2%) for early non-primary non-secondary (NPNS) syphilis; 11,736 (41.9%) versus 3026 (10.8%) for late\/unknown duration syphilis; and 849 (61.9%) versus 57 (4.2%) for CS; all with p &lt; 0.001). Using the highest HPI quartile as a reference, the IRRs in the lowest quartile were 17 for CS, 4.5 for late\/unknown duration syphilis, 2.6 for P&amp;S syphilis, and 2.3 for early NPNS syphilis. We thus observed a direct relationship between less healthy conditions (per HPI) and syphilis\/CS in California, supporting our hypothesis that SDH correlate with disparities in syphilis, especially CS. HPI could inform allocation of resources to: (1) support communities most in need of assistance in preventing syphilis\/CS cases and (2) reduce health disparities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11050547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T21:31:20Z","timestamp":1652045480000},"page":"547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Geospatial Social Determinants of Health Correlate with Disparities in Syphilis and Congenital Syphilis Cases in California"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3333-099X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9743-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4642-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie S.","family":"de Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalyn E.","family":"Plotzker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4988-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022, April 25). 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