{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:50:25Z","timestamp":1792018225193,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["19jm0210047h0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19jm0210047h0004"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["21fk0108109h9903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108109h9903"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["21wm0225018h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21wm0225018h0002"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["21fk0108123h1602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108123h1602"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP21wm0125006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21wm0125006"]}]},{"name":"AMED Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["19jm0210047h0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19jm0210047h0004"]}]},{"name":"AMED Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["21fk0108109h9903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108109h9903"]}]},{"name":"AMED Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["21wm0225018h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21wm0225018h0002"]}]},{"name":"AMED Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["21fk0108123h1602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108123h1602"]}]},{"name":"AMED Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["JP21wm0125006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21wm0125006"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["19jm0210047h0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19jm0210047h0004"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["21fk0108109h9903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108109h9903"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["21wm0225018h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21wm0225018h0002"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["21fk0108123h1602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108123h1602"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["JP21wm0125006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21wm0125006"]}]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","award":["19jm0210047h0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19jm0210047h0004"]}]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","award":["21fk0108109h9903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108109h9903"]}]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","award":["21wm0225018h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21wm0225018h0002"]}]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","award":["21fk0108123h1602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108123h1602"]}]},{"name":"Nagasaki University","award":["JP21wm0125006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21wm0125006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dengue virus (DENV) has been endemic in Myanmar since 1970, causing outbreaks every 2\u20133 years. DENV infection symptoms range from mild fever to lethal hemorrhage. Clinical biomarkers must be identified to facilitate patient risk stratification in the early stages of infection. We analyzed 45 cytokines and other factors in serum samples from the acute phase of DENV infection (within 3\u20135 days of symptom onset) from 167 patients in Yangon, Myanmar, between 2017 and 2019. All of the patients tested positive for serum DENV nonstructural protein 1 antigen (NS1 Ag); 78.4% and 62.9% were positive for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG), respectively; and 18.0%, 19.8%, and 11.9% tested positive for serotypes 1, 3, and 4, respectively. Although the DENV-4 viral load was significantly higher than those of DENV-1 or DENV-3, disease severity was not associated with viral load or serotype. Significant correlations were identified between disease severity and CCL5, SCF, PDGF-BB, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1 levels; between NS1 Ag and SCF, CCL5, IFN-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b1, and IL-22 levels; between thrombocytopenia and IL-2, TNF-\u03b1, VEGF-D, and IL-6 levels; and between primary or secondary infection and IL-2, IL-6, IL-31, IL-12p70, and MIP-1\u03b2 levels. These circulating factors may represent leading signatures in acute DENV infections, reflecting the clinical outcomes in the dengue endemic region, Myanmar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11050558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:30:28Z","timestamp":1652142628000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Acute-phase Serum Cytokine Levels and Correlation with Clinical Outcomes in Children and Adults with Primary and Secondary Dengue Virus Infection in Myanmar between 2017 and 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Khine Mya","family":"Nwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, North Okkalapa General and Teaching Hospital, Yangon 11031, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mya Myat","family":"Ngwe Tun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theingi Win","family":"Myat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1025-0807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris Fook","family":"Sheng Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"},{"name":"School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moh Moh","family":"Htun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Htin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nang Sarm","family":"Hom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aung Min","family":"Soe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Elong Ngono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3881-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinjiro","family":"Hamano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouichi","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyaw Zin","family":"Thant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujan","family":"Shresta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hlaing Myat","family":"Thu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng Ling","family":"Moi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan"},{"name":"School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, O.J., Gething, P.W., Bhatt, 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