{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:03:13Z","timestamp":1792087393574,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37AI101438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AI101438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB1021427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB1021427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30GM110907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30GM110907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37AI101438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AI101438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB1021427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB1021427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30GM110907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30GM110907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R37AI101438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AI101438"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["DEB1021427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB1021427"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P30GM110907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30GM110907"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although most studies of digenetic trematodes of the family Schistosomatidae dwell on representatives causing human schistosomiasis, the majority of the 130 identified species of schistosomes infect birds or non-human mammals. The cercariae of many of these species can cause swimmer\u2019s itch when they penetrate human skin. Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in our understanding of schistosome diversity, now encompassing 17 genera with eight more lineages awaiting description. Collectively, schistosomes exploit 16 families of caenogastropod or heterobranch gastropod intermediate hosts. Basal lineages today are found in marine gastropods and birds, but subsequent diversification has largely taken place in freshwater, with some reversions to marine habitats. It seems increasingly likely that schistosomes have on two separate occasions colonized mammals. Swimmer\u2019s itch is a complex zoonotic disease manifested through several different routes of transmission involving a diversity of different host species. Swimmer\u2019s itch also exemplifies the value of adopting the One Health perspective in understanding disease transmission and abundance because the schistosomes involved have complex life cycles that interface with numerous species and abiotic components of their aquatic environments. Given the progress made in revealing their diversity and biology, and the wealth of questions posed by itch-causing schistosomes, they provide excellent models for implementation of long-term interdisciplinary studies focused on issues pertinent to disease ecology, the One Health paradigm, and the impacts of climate change, biological invasions and other environmental perturbations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11050587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T21:36:06Z","timestamp":1652736966000},"page":"587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Scratching the Itch: Updated Perspectives on the Schistosomes Responsible for Swimmer\u2019s Itch around the World"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2916-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric S.","family":"Loker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasites Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5660-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall J.","family":"DeJong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara V.","family":"Brant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasites Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3924","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni Cercariae Swim Efficiently by Exploiting an Elastohydrodynamic Coupling","volume":"13","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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