{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:52:02Z","timestamp":1790481122922,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AI091816-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI091816-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AI057341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI057341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gillson Longenbaugh Foundation","award":["5R01AI091816-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI091816-01"]}]},{"name":"Gillson Longenbaugh Foundation","award":["K23AI057341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI057341"]}]},{"name":"Chao Foundation","award":["5R01AI091816-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI091816-01"]}]},{"name":"Chao Foundation","award":["K23AI057341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI057341"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that can cause acute febrile illness leading to neuroinvasive disease. Depression is a well-described outcome following infection, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are unknown. Proinflammatory cytokines play important roles in WNV infection, but their role in depression post-WNV remains unstudied. This research aimed to retrospectively evaluate associations between proinflammatory cytokines and new onset depression in a WNV cohort. Participants with asymptomatic WNV infection were significantly less likely to report new onset depression when compared to those with symptomatic disease. Participants with encephalitis and obesity were significantly more likely to report new onset depression post-infection. Based on univariate analysis of 15 antiviral or proinflammatory cytokines, depression was associated with elevated MCP-1 and decreased TNF\u03b1, whereas G-CSF was significantly elevated in those with a history of neuroinvasive WNV. However, no cytokines were statistically significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method. While symptomatic WNV infection, encephalitis, and obesity were associated with new onset depression following infection, the role of proinflammatory cytokines requires additional studies. Further research involving paired acute-convalescent samples, larger sample sizes, and additional data points would provide additional insight into the impact of the inflammatory response on WNV-mediated depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T09:42:32Z","timestamp":1654335752000},"page":"650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Preliminary Study of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Depression Following West Nile Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9903-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Lino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8579-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa S.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristy O.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Ronca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471","article-title":"A Neurotropic Virus Isolated from the Blood of a Native of Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Smithburn","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. 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