{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T07:11:17Z","timestamp":1769152277576,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexually transmitted infections are one of the important risk factors for preterm delivery, which is among the important contributors to perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in women with imminent preterm delivery in Cura\u00e7ao, an island of the Dutch Caribbean. All women from Cura\u00e7ao with either preterm premature rupture of the membranes or preterm labor, common indications of imminent preterm delivery, and presenting at the Cura\u00e7ao Medical Center between 15 November 2019 and 31 December 2020, were included in this single cohort study. Data were retrospectively collected from medical records. The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae was assessed by Cepheid GeneXpert \u00ae (Xpert) CT\/NG assay (Sunnyvale, CA, USA). In the included cohort, the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection was 15.5% and of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection was 2.1%. All patients infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were co-infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in patients with imminent preterm delivery in Cura\u00e7ao is high. It is recommended to test all patients with imminent preterm delivery for these sexually transmitted infections and possibly consider testing all women in early pregnancy on the island.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1655078124000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Patients with Imminent Preterm Delivery on the Island of Cura\u00e7ao"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0388-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aglaia","family":"Hage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cura\u00e7ao Medical Center, Willemstad, Curacao"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi C. A.","family":"Juliana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cura\u00e7ao Medical Center, Willemstad, Curacao"},{"name":"Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW for Oncology and Reproduction, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Steenhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cura\u00e7ao Medical Center, Willemstad, Curacao"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph R.","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cura\u00e7ao Medical Center, Willemstad, Curacao"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Servaas A.","family":"Morr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW for Oncology and Reproduction, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 211007, UP, India"},{"name":"Dutch <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i> Reference Laboratory on behalf of the Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6975-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ambrosino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW for Oncology and Reproduction, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurah M.","family":"Hammoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cura\u00e7ao Medical Center, Willemstad, Curacao"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.04.003","article-title":"The global epidemiology of preterm birth","volume":"52","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2017-0298","article-title":"Preterm labor and preterm birth","volume":"45","author":"Sen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9569-2","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and placental inflammation in early preterm delivery","volume":"26","author":"Rours","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.03.010","article-title":"Outcomes in preterm infants","volume":"128","author":"Platt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.022","article-title":"The biological basis and prevention of preterm birth","volume":"52","author":"Tosto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1053\/beog.2002.0329","article-title":"Influence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis on pregnancy outcome, infant health and life-long sequelae in infected offspring","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi, A., Ramazanzadeh, R., Sayehmiri, K., Sayehmiri, F., and Amirmozafari, N. (2018). Association of Chlamydia trachomatis infections with preterm delivery; a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1868-0"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079919853590","article-title":"Chlamydia Infections","volume":"67","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Workplace Health Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.06.032","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis screening in preterm labor: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"240","author":"Kanninen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2451-z","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Meta-analysis of Patients with and without Infection","volume":"22","author":"Balaram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"WHO (2016). WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Chlamydia Trachomatis, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.531073","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis Screening and Treatment in Pregnancy to Reduce Adverse Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Adachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9315757","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9315757","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Pregnancy: The Global Challenge of Preventing Adverse Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia","volume":"2016","author":"Adachi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181f2e85f","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women attending inner city public sexually transmitted diseases clinics","volume":"38","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"98","article-title":"The association of gonorrhoea and syphilis with premature birth and low birthweight","volume":"69","author":"Donders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12850","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections and preterm birth among Indigenous women of the Northern Territory, Australia: A case-control study","volume":"59","author":"Burton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1423-6","article-title":"Maternal Chlamydia trachomatis infections and preterm birth: The impact of early detection and eradication during pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Folger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90089-2","article-title":"Routine testing for Chlamydia trachomatis on Cura\u00e7ao, Netherlands Antilles","volume":"169","author":"Asin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1708","article-title":"Frequentie van syfilis en gonorroe in een huisartspraktijk te Curacao, 1987\u20131991","volume":"138","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschrijft Voor Geneeskd."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2021, September 25). Central Bureau of Statistics Cura\u00e7ao People and Society, Curacao Data CBS. Available online: https:\/\/curacaodata.cbs.cw\/people-and-society."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Volksgezondheid Instituut Cura\u00e7ao (2022, February 07). Klamidia Bou di Adulto na K\u00f2rsou, \u00d2ktober 2019. Available online: https:\/\/vic.cw\/pap\/gezondheids-databank\/klamidia\/sifra-i-konteksto."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000460","article-title":"Prevalence of curable sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries from 2010 to 2015: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Davey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2007). Pan American Health Organization Netherlands Antilles Country Profile Health in the Americas 2007, Pan American Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49891999001000013","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"6","author":"Gerbase","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702011000600006","article-title":"Perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with chlamydial infection: A meta-analysis study","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WHO (2016). World Health Organization Global Health Sector Strategy on Sexually Transmitted Infections 2016\u20132021, World Health Organization. Towards ending STIs."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"WHO (2018). World Health Organization Standard Protocol to Assess Prevalence of Gonorrhoea and Chlamydia among Pregnant Women in Antenatal Care Clinics, World Health Organization."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/6\/670\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:27:18Z","timestamp":1760138838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/6\/670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11060670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11060670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]}}}