{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T13:28:44Z","timestamp":1780838924187,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, IZS AM 08\/19 RC","award":["MSRCTE0819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSRCTE0819"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human orthopneumovirus (HRSV) is a virus belonging to the Pneumovirus genus that causes lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants worldwide. In Tunisia, thousands of infants hospitalized for LRTI are found to be positive for HRSV but no whole genome sequences of HRSV strains circulating in this country are available thus far. In this study, five nasal swab samples collected at different time points from a three-month-old female baby with severe immunodeficiency that was hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis were investigated by next generation sequencing. The Tunisian sequences from this study originated from samples collected in 2021, belong to the ON1 genotype of HRSV-A, and are clustered with European sequences from 2019 and not from 2020 or 2021. This is most likely related to local region-specific transmission of different HRSV-A variants due to the COVID-19 related travel restrictions. Overall, this is the first report describing the whole genome sequence of HRSV from Tunisia. However, more sequence data is needed to better understand the genetic diversity and transmission dynamic of HRSV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Full Genome Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Causing a Fatal Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient in Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2335-3154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Curini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e Molise (IZS-Teramo), 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-633X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurilia","family":"Marcacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e Molise (IZS-Teramo), 64100 Teramo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory \u00abAntimicrobial Resistance\u00bb(LR99ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"},{"name":"National Influenza Center, Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-6743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monia","family":"Ouederni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Peadiatrics: Immuno-Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, National Center of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Tunisia-University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awatef","family":"ElMoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory \u00abAntimicrobial Resistance\u00bb(LR99ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"},{"name":"National Influenza Center, Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latifa","family":"Charaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafa","family":"Achour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department, National Center of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory \u00abMicrobiology of Children and Immunocompromised\u00bb(LR18ES39), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramzi","family":"Ouhichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tunisian Country WHO Office, Tunis 1003, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latifa","family":"Maazaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Primary Health Care Directorate, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Di Pasquale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e Molise (IZS-Teramo), 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakim","family":"ElGhord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Primary Health Care Directorate, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlem","family":"Gzara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Primary Health Care Directorate, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ripani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e Molise (IZS-Teramo), 64100 Teramo, Italy"},{"name":"OIE Sub-Regional Representation for North Africa, Tunis 2091, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8749-4095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Giallonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7547-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Camm\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e Molise (IZS-Teramo), 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6156-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Lorusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e Molise (IZS-Teramo), 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilhem Boutiba-Ben","family":"Boubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory \u00abAntimicrobial Resistance\u00bb(LR99ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"},{"name":"National Influenza Center, Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4946.18.05312-4","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"70","author":"Pierangeli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13336","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13336","article-title":"Risk Stratification of Immunocompromised Children, Including Pediatric Transplant Recipients at Risk of Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease","volume":"23","author":"Science","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198306163082403","article-title":"Aerosolized Ribavirin Treatment of Infants with Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection: A Randomized Double-Blind Study","volume":"308","author":"Hall","year":"1983","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The IMpact-RSV Study Group (1998). Palivizumab, a Humanized Respiratory Syncytial Virus Monoclonal Antibody, Reduces Hospitalization From Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in High-Risk Infants. Pediatrics, 102, 531\u2013537.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.3.531"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, L.J., and Graham, B.S. (2013). Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38919-1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Giallonardo, F., Kok, J., Fernandez, M., Carter, I., Geoghegan, J., Dwyer, D., Holmes, E., and Eden, J.-S. (2018). Evolution of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) over Multiple Seasons in New South Wales, Australia. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0318.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001240","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Circulating in Tunisia between 2015 and 2018","volume":"69","author":"Jerbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-013-8368-9","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus\u2014A Comprehensive Review","volume":"45","author":"Borchers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12672","article-title":"Leveraging the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System for Global Respiratory Syncytial Virus Surveillance\u2014Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"14","author":"Broor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Giallonardo, F., Puglia, I., Curini, V., Camm\u00e0, C., Mangone, I., Calistri, P., Cobbin, J.C.A., Holmes, E.C., and Lorusso, A. (2021). Emergence and Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages B.1.1.7 and P.1 in Italy. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.24.21254277"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100135","article-title":"A \u201cOne-Health\u201d Approach for Diagnosis and Molecular Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Italy","volume":"10","author":"Lorusso","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa059","article-title":"Novel Variants of Respiratory Syncytial Virus A ON1 Associated With Increased Clinical Severity of Bronchiolitis","volume":"222","author":"Midulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2016.05.002","article-title":"Genome Characterization of Feline Morbillivirus from Italy","volume":"234","author":"Marcacci","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast Gapped-Read Alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A New Genome Assembly Algorithm and Its Applications to Single-Cell Sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp698","article-title":"Fast and Accurate Long-Read Alignment with Burrows\u2013Wheeler Transform","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","article-title":"MAFFT: A Novel Method for Rapid Multiple Sequence Alignment Based on Fast Fourier Transform","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp077","article-title":"FastTree: Computing Large Minimum Evolution Trees with Profiles Instead of a Distance Matrix","volume":"26","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, M.N., Dehal, P.S., and Arkin, A.P. (2010). FastTree 2\u2014Approximately Maximum-Likelihood Trees for Large Alignments. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009490"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: Fast Model Selection for Accurate Phylogenetic Estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281","article-title":"UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation","volume":"35","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/7\/758\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:42:01Z","timestamp":1760139721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/7\/758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11070758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11070758","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]}}}