{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:24:09Z","timestamp":1790735049766,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A voluntary biosurveillance program was established in 2008 in order to determine the shedding frequency and prevalence factors for common respiratory pathogens associated with acute onset of fever and\/or respiratory signs in equids from the USA. Over a period of 13 years, a total of 10,296 equids were enrolled in the program and nasal secretions were analyzed for the qPCR detection of equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), EHV-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus (ERVs), and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). Single infections with respiratory pathogens were detected in 21.1% of the submissions with EIV (6.8%) and EHV-4 (6.6%) as the two most prevalent viruses, followed by S. equi (4.7%), ERVs (2.3%), and EHV-1 (0.7%). Multiple pathogens were detected in 274 horses (2.7%) and no respiratory pathogens in 7836 horses (76.2%). Specific prevalence factors were determined for each of the six respiratory pathogen groups; most differences were associated with age, breed, and use of the horses, while the clinical signs were fairly consistent between viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Monitoring the frequency of detection of common respiratory pathogens is important in order to gain a better understanding of their epidemiology and to implement management practices aimed at controlling disease spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and\/or Respiratory Signs (2008\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pusterla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Barnum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fairfield","family":"Bain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Craig","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duane","family":"Chappell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Earl","family":"Gaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryant","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7462-4532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrissie","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Vaala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1997.tb13836.x","article-title":"Wastage in the Australian thoroughbred racing industry: A survey of Sydney trainers","volume":"75","author":"Bailey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust. 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