{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:28:42Z","timestamp":1787596122166,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21977086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21977086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21867018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21867018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202201BF070001-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201BF070001-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Double First-class Construction Project of Yunnan University\/Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province","award":["21977086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21977086"]}]},{"name":"Double First-class Construction Project of Yunnan University\/Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province","award":["21867018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21867018"]}]},{"name":"Double First-class Construction Project of Yunnan University\/Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province","award":["202201BF070001-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201BF070001-012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) have caused serious harm to women\u2019s reproductive health. Although emerging evidence has linked intrauterine microbiome to gynecological diseases, the association of intrauterine microbiome with IUA, remains unknown. We performed metagenome-wide association, metabolomics, and transcriptomics studies on IUA and non-IUA uteri of adult rats to identify IUA-associated microbial species, which affected uterine metabolites and endometrial transcriptions. A rat model was used with one side of the duplex uterus undergoing IUA and the other remaining as a non-IUA control. Both 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenome-wide association analysis revealed that instead of Mycoplasmopsis specie in genital tract, murine lung pathogen Mycoplasmopsispulmonis markedly increased in IUA samples and displayed a distinct positive interaction with the host immune system. Moreover, most of the IUA-enriched 58 metabolites positively correlate with M.pulmonis, which inversely correlates with a mitotic progression inhibitor named 3-hydroxycapric acid. A comparison of metabolic profiles of intrauterine flushing fluids from human patients with IUA, endometritis, and fallopian tube obstruction suggested that rat IUA shared much similarity to human IUA. The endometrial gene Tenascin-N, which is responsible for extracellular matrix of wounds, was highly up-regulated, while the key genes encoding parvalbumin, trophectoderm Dkkl1 and telomerase involved in leydig cells, trophectoderm cells, activated T cells and monocytes were dramatically down-regulated in rat IUA endometria. Treatment for rat IUA with estrogen (E2), oxytetracycline (OTC), and a traditional Chinese patent medicine GongXueNing (GXN) did not reduce the incidence of IUA, though inflammatory factor IL-6 was dramatically down-regulated (96\u201386%) with all three. Instead, in both the E2 and OTC treated groups, IUA became worse with a highly up-regulated B cell receptor signaling pathway, which may be associated with the significantly increased proportions of Ulvibacter or Staphylococcus. Our results suggest an association between intrauterine microbiota alterations, certain uterine metabolites, characteristic changes in endometrial transcription, and IUA and the possibility to intervene in IUA formation by targeting the causal factors, microbial infection, and Tenascin-like proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Association of Intrauterine Microbes with Endometrial Factors in Intrauterine Adhesion Formation and after Medicine Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ya","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qunfu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longlong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangbo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Kunming Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Research Center, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.02.096","article-title":"Asherman syndrome\u2013one century later","volume":"89","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2010.04.016","article-title":"Review of intrauterine adhesions","volume":"17","author":"Deans","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1376358","article-title":"Endometrial receptivity and intrauterine adhesive disease","volume":"32","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2016.1199795","article-title":"Prevalence of intrauterine adhesions after termination of pregnancy: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Hooker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2017.1376130","article-title":"Assessment of risk factors of intrauterine adhesions in patients with induced abortion and the curative effect of hysteroscopic surgery","volume":"32","author":"Mo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des294","article-title":"Birth outcomes after induced abortion: A nationwide register-based study of first births in Finland","volume":"27","author":"Klemetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1103639","article-title":"Clinical practice. A request for abortion","volume":"365","author":"Templeton","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.11.115","article-title":"Logistic regression analyses of factors affecting fertility of intrauterine adhesions patients","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"267","article-title":"Mechanisms of endometrial fibrosis and the potential application of stem cell therapy","volume":"27","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.022","article-title":"Interleukin-6 signaling drives fibrosis in unresolved inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Fielding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.09.008","article-title":"Supplements to conventional treatment after hysteroscopic lysis of intrauterine adhesions: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Konci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2010.11.018","article-title":"Management of Asherman\u2019s syndrome","volume":"23","author":"March","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2019.00050","article-title":"Early Second-Look Hysteroscopy: Prevention and treatment of intrauterine post-surgical adhesions","volume":"6","author":"Sebbag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.12.007","article-title":"Therapeutic options and drug delivery strategies for the prevention of intrauterine adhesions","volume":"318","author":"Kou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9794","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20209794","article-title":"Estrogen attenuates TGF-beta1-induced EMT in intrauterine adhesion by activating Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"53","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.H., Son, J.Y., Kim, K.S., Park, Y.J., Kim, H.R., Park, J.H., Kim, K.B., Lee, K.Y., Lee, K.Y., and Kang, K.W. (2019). Estrogen deficiency potentiates thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in sprague-dawley rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153709"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01833-6","article-title":"Connecting sex differences, estrogen signaling, and microRNAs in cardiac fibrosis","volume":"97","author":"Medzikovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1535ED","article-title":"Estrogen signaling and microRNAs in lung fibrosis. Sex, hormones, and rock scars","volume":"200","author":"Tzouvelekis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.05.034","article-title":"Endometrial microbiota-new player in town","volume":"108","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-015-0614-z","article-title":"Endometrial microbiome at the time of embryo transfer: Next-generation sequencing of the 16S ribosomal subunit","volume":"33","author":"Franasiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00901-0","article-title":"The microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract and its relation to uterine-related diseases","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07848-0","article-title":"Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis","volume":"359","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282f3d9ac","article-title":"Evidence for a role of Mycoplasma genitalium in pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"21","author":"Haggerty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000277","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in gynaecological outpatients, Rome, Italy","volume":"141","author":"Verteramo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu222","article-title":"Intra-uterine microbial colonization and occurrence of endometritis in women with endometriosis","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.03.017","article-title":"Effects of chronic endometritis therapy on in vitro fertilization outcome in women with repeated implantation failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Vitagliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2016.09.022","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of chronic endometritis in patients with intrauterine adhesions: A prospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.11.124","article-title":"Study on the correlation among dysbacteriosis, imbalance of cytokine and the formation of intrauterine adhesion","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"4726","article-title":"Smad signaling coincides with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a rat model of intrauterine adhesion","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3353","article-title":"A catalog of the mouse gut metagenome","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: An ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00283-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00283-21","article-title":"Gut microbiome and serum metabolome alterations associated with isolated dystonia","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.12.4013-4022.1997","article-title":"Localized frameshift mutation generates selective, high-frequency phase variation of a surface lipoprotein encoded by a Mycoplasma ABC transporter operon","volume":"179","author":"Theiss","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.4.1094-1156.1998","article-title":"Molecular biology and pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas","volume":"62","author":"Razin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01294455","article-title":"Myrmicacin, a new inhibitor for mitotic progression after metaphase","volume":"95","author":"Iwanami","year":"1978","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-7431(03)00012-5","article-title":"Tenascin-N: Characterization of a novel member of the tenascin family that mediates neurite repulsion from hippocampal explants","volume":"23","author":"Neidhardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06004","article-title":"Tenascin-C may accelerate cardiac fibrosis by activating macrophages via the integrin \u03b1V\u03b23\/Nuclear factor\u2013\u03baB\/Interleukin-6 axis","volume":"66","author":"Shimojo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540004800909","article-title":"Tenascin expression and distribution in pleural inflammatory and fibrotic diseases","volume":"48","author":"Lakari","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.08.064","article-title":"Mapping brain-wide afferent inputs of parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in barrel cortex reveals local and long-range circuit motifs","volume":"28","author":"Hafner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.06.010","article-title":"The acrosomal protein Dickkopf-like 1 (DKKL1) facilitates sperm penetration of the zona pellucida","volume":"93","author":"Kohn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.03.009","article-title":"Telomeres and telomerase in T cells of tumor immunity","volume":"289","author":"Qian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.05.157","article-title":"TSSK5, a novel member of the testis-specific serine\/threonine kinase family, phosphorylates CREB at Ser-133, and stimulates the CRE\/CREB responsive pathway","volume":"333","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2181","article-title":"Tacrolimus increases the expression level of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 to promote renal fibrosis progression","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00122","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of obesity-related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis reveals a core set of fibrosis-specific genes","volume":"2","author":"Gerhard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15344-3","article-title":"A Staphylococcus pro-apoptotic peptide induces acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2286","article-title":"MicroRNA326 inhibits endometrial fibrosis by regulating TGFbeta1\/Smad3 pathway in intrauterine adhesions","volume":"18","author":"Ning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.5.7524980","article-title":"Dexamethasone and oxytetracycline reverse the potentiation of neurogenic inflammation in airways of rats with Mycoplasma pulmonis infection","volume":"150","author":"Bowden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa256","article-title":"Macrolide resistance and molecular typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections during a 4 year period in Spain","volume":"75","author":"Rivaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitaya, K., Tanaka, S.E., Sakuraba, Y., and Ishikawa, T. (2022). Multi-drug-resistant chronic endometritis in infertile women with repeated implantation failure: Trend over the decade and pilot study for third-line oral antibiotic treatment. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02528-7"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"132","article-title":"Experimental study of Yunnan hongyao and like product on repair-mechanism of endometrium in dysfunctional uterine bleeding rats","volume":"18","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01358-4","article-title":"Subversion and exploitation of host cells by Mycoplasmas","volume":"6","author":"Rottem","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1414599","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01769-7","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Lactobacillus Strains","volume":"76","author":"Anisimova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30335","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.36.30335","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in south-west Germany, 2004 to 2015: Increasing minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline but no resistance to third-generation cephalosporins","volume":"21","author":"Regnath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"394","article-title":"Occurrence, antibiotic resistance and enteroxigenicity of Staphylococcus spp. in tonsils of slaughtered pigs in Greece","volume":"71","author":"Pexara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.17-0021","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the intestinal flora in type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic mice","volume":"66","author":"Horie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2018.34.3.241","article-title":"Lactobacillus aggravate bile duct ligation-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice","volume":"34","author":"Roh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.626","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG reduces hepatic fibrosis in a model of chronic liver disease in rats","volume":"34","author":"Hammes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12760","article-title":"The immune response to Prevotella bacteria in chronic inflammatory disease","volume":"151","author":"Larsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14552-1","article-title":"Maternal carriage of Prevotella during pregnancy associates with protection against food allergy in the offspring","volume":"11","author":"Vuillermin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000505099","article-title":"Interleukin-6: A masterplayer in the cytokine network","volume":"98","author":"Uciechowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"399","article-title":"Mitogenic activity of Mycoplasma pulmonis. I. stimulation of rat B and T lymphocytes","volume":"36","author":"Naot","year":"1979","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.649-654.2002","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces chronic respiratory infection, airway hyperreactivity, and pulmonary inflammation: A murine model of infection-associated chronic reactive airway disease","volume":"70","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.7.2936-2942.1992","article-title":"Infection-induced airway fibrosis in two rat strains with differential susceptibility","volume":"60","author":"McIntosh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1089\/15362310260256909","article-title":"Suspected utility of enzymes with multiple activities in the small genome Mycoplasma species: The replacement of the missing \u201chousehold\u201d nucleoside diphosphate kinase gene and activity by glycolytic kinases","volume":"6","author":"Pollack","year":"2002","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.05.028","article-title":"Tenascin is highly expressed in endometriosis and its expression is upregulated by estrogen","volume":"89","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04082-1","article-title":"B cell-derived GABA elicits IL-10(+) macrophages to limit anti-tumour immunity","volume":"599","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/7\/784\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:47:43Z","timestamp":1760140063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/7\/784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11070784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11070784","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]}}}