{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:59:28Z","timestamp":1779339568748,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32161143036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32161143036"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC2300800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300800"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC2300804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300804"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["32161143036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32161143036"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2300800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300800"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2300804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300804"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although great strides have been achieved, schistosomiasis japonica remains a major public health concern in China. Immunodiagnostics have been widely accepted as the first choice in large-scale screening of Schistosoma japonicum human infections, and indirect hemagglutination test (IHA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA) are currently the three most common immunological tests for the diagnosis of S. japonicum human infections in China. This meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively assess the performance of IHA, ELISA, and DDIA for the field diagnosis of S. japonicum human infections. A total of 37 eligible publications were enrolled in the final analysis, including 29 Chinese publications and 8 English publications. No significant heterogeneities were detected among the studies reporting ELISA (I2 = 88%, p &lt; 0.05), IHA (I2 = 95%, p &lt; 0.05), or DDIA (I2 = 84%, p &lt; 0.05). DDIA showed the highest pooled sensitivity (90.8%, 95% CI: 84.6% to 94.7%) and IHA presented the highest pooled specificity for detection of S. japonicum human infections (71.6%, 95% CI: 65.9% to 76.7%). Summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve analysis showed that IHA exhibited the highest area under the SROC curve (AUC) (0.88, 95% CI: 0.85 to 0.9), and ELISA presented the lowest AUC (0.85, 95% CI: 0.82 to 0.88). Deeks\u2019 funnel plots indicated no publication bias. IHA presented the highest sensitivity in medium-endemicity regions and the highest specificity for diagnosis of S. japonicum human infections in low-endemicity regions, and ELISA showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity in high-endemicity regions and the highest specificity in medium-endemicity regions, while DDIA exhibited the highest diagnostic sensitivity in high-endemicity regions and the highest specificity in low-endemicity regions. IHA and DDIA presented a higher efficiency for the diagnosis of S. japonicum human infections in marshland and lake regions than in hilly and mountainous regions, while ELISA showed a comparable diagnostic sensitivity between in marshland and lake regions and hilly and mountainous regions (88.3% vs. 88.6%), and a higher specificity in marshland and lake regions than in hilly and mountainous regions (60% vs. 48%). Our meta-analysis demonstrates a comparable diagnostic accuracy of IHA, ELISA, and DDIA for S. japonicum human infections, and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of IHA, ELISA, and DDIA vary in types and infection prevalence of endemic regions. DDIA combined with IHA is recommended as a tool for screening chemotherapy targets and seroepidemiological surveys during the stage moving towards schistosomiasis elimination in China. Further studies to examine the effectiveness of combinations of two or three immunological tests for diagnosis of S. japonicum human infections are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:12:40Z","timestamp":1657757560000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Efficiency of Commercial Immunodiagnostic Assays for the Field Detection of Schistosoma japonicum Human Infections: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhongqiu","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liguang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5709-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiewu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: Still a Cause of significant morbidity and mortality","volume":"10","author":"Verjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giboda, M., Bergquist, R., and Utzinger, J. (2022). Schistosomiasis at the crossroad to elimination: Review of eclipsed research with emphasis on the post-transmission agenda. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7040055"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812165","article-title":"Schistosomiasis\u2014Assessing progress toward the 2020 and 2025 global goals","volume":"381","author":"Deol","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106224","article-title":"Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown on Schistosoma host Oncomelania hupensis density in Wuhan","volume":"226","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa933","article-title":"Predicted impact of COVID-19 on neglected tropical disease programs and the opportunity for innovation","volume":"72","author":"Toor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"E3","article-title":"The possible impact of SARS-CoV-2 on neglected tropical diseases in Europe: The out of spotlights emerging of schistosomiasis","volume":"62","author":"Mantica","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2022.024","article-title":"Elimination of schistosomiasis japonica in China: From the One Health perspective","volume":"4","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00676-5","article-title":"Surveillance-based evidence: Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in the Peoples\u2019 Republic of China","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Bergquist, R., King, C.H., and Yang, K. (2021). Elimination of schistosomiasis in China: Current status and future prospects. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009578"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.03.014","article-title":"New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Utzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindholz, C.G., Favero, V., Verissimo, C.M., Candido, R.R.F., de Souza, R.P., Dos Santos, R.R., Morassutti, A.L., Bittencourt, H.R., Jones, M.K., and St Pierre, T.G. (2018). Study of diagnostic accuracy of Helmintex, Kato-Katz, and POC-CCA methods for diagnosing intestinal schistosomiasis in Candeal, a low intensity transmission area in northeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006274"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d2651","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2651","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis","volume":"342","author":"Gray","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6_3","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"1154","author":"LoVerde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, C., Deng, W., Wang, L., Qin, Z., Zhou, X., and Xu, J. (2022). Molecular techniques as alternatives of diagnostic tools in China as schistosomiasis moving towards elimination. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030287"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.12.003","article-title":"Serological approaches for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis\u2014A review","volume":"31","author":"Hinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105743","article-title":"Reviews and advances in diagnostic research on Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"213","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.008","article-title":"Development and application of diagnostics in the national schistosomiasis control programme in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00357-9","article-title":"History of human schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in China: From discovery to elimination","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"18","article-title":"Serological diagnosis methods of schistosomiasis japonica at different prevalence: A meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schisto. Control"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1970-3","article-title":"Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of immunodiagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica: A meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60238-1","article-title":"Immunodiagnostic efficacy of detection of Schistosoma japonicum human infections in China: A meta analysis","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ebd.6400831","article-title":"The role of the funnel plot in detecting publication and related biases in meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-018-01485-y","article-title":"Meta-analysis for diagnostic tests","volume":"26","author":"Hartzes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.061423","article-title":"Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the People\u2019s Republic of China, 2004","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.04.002","article-title":"Contributions and achievements on schistosomiasis control and elimination in China by NIPD-CTDR","volume":"110","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"72","article-title":"Evaluating the value of indirect hemagglutination assay for the field diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica","volume":"3","author":"Peng","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sichuan Med."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"686","article-title":"Survey of schistosomiasis epidemic in dam-circle marsh region","volume":"15","author":"Guan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"21","article-title":"Reliability of application of IHA method for determine chemotherapy targets of schistosomiasis in moderately endemic areas of lake region","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"145","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis on different schistosomiasis case screen methods in hypo-endemic area","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pract. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"418","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis on different schistosomiasis case screen methods in hypo-endemic area","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J Schist. Control."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"42","article-title":"Field evaluation of fraction antigen of SEA applied in screening of schistosomiasis","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. Parasit. Dis Control."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"300","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of three immunoassays for diagnosis of schistosomiasis in lower endemic area","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"50","article-title":"Application of DDIA for screening schistosomiasis in high-risk populations","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trop. Dis. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"325","article-title":"Field application of dipstick dye immunoassay in schistosomiasis-endemic areas in Yunnan Province","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"13","article-title":"Study on scheme for screening schistosomiasis in low endemic areas","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"13","article-title":"Application of dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA) kit on detection of schistosomiasis japonica on large scale in endemic areas","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"405","article-title":"Field application of dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA) kit for detecting schistosomiasis in mountainous endemic regions in Yunnan Province","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"79","article-title":"Application of antibody-based ELISA for detection of schistosomiasis in highly endemic regions","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasit. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"526","article-title":"Field evaluation of a rapid, visually-read colloidal dye immunofiltration assay for Schistosoma japonicum for screening in areas of low transmission","volume":"83","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"135","article-title":"Evaluation of screening effects of ELISA and IHA techniques in different epidemic areas of schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trop. Dis. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"168","article-title":"Comparison between effect of two schistosomiassi diagnostic kit application to the multimountain area in Yunnan Province","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC J."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"33","article-title":"Comparison of four diagnostic assays for the field detection of schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"Bao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trop. Dis. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"192","article-title":"Comparison of two immunoassays for schistosomiaisis diagnosis in the field","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of aetiological and serological diagnosis methods in schistosomiasis mountainous endemic area","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"107","article-title":"Comparison of stool examination and immunodiagnosis for schistosomiasis","volume":"19","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"175","article-title":"Effectiveness of routinely used assays for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in the field","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"97","article-title":"Effect of gold labeling immunoassay for diagnosis of schistosomiasis","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.1138","article-title":"Field comparison of immunodiagnostic and parasitological techniques for the detection of Schistosomiasis japonica in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2006.11.002","article-title":"Comparison of the Kato-Katz technique, hatching test and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in China","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"361","article-title":"Evaluation of two tests for detecting Schistosoma japonicum infection using a Bayesian approach","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Health Stat."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"179","article-title":"Evaluation on application of common diagnosis methods for schistosomiasis japonica in endemic areas of China I Evaluation on estimation of prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection by IHA screening method","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.06.009","article-title":"A longitudinal study of comparison of the Kato-Katz technique and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in China, 2001\u20132006","volume":"107","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Lin, D.D. (2008). Evaluation of the Performance of Commonly Used Diagnostic Assays for the Field Detection of Schistosomiasis Japonica in China, Nanjing Medical University."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.005","article-title":"Evaluation of IgG-ELISA for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum in a high prevalence, low intensity endemic area of China","volume":"107","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"138","article-title":"Study on IgY immunoglobulin-based double antibody sandwich ELISA for schistosomiaisis diagnosis in the field","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"171","article-title":"Validity evaluation of dipstick dye immuno-assay (DDIA) for screening in low endemic areas of schistosomiasis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"284","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant 29 000 extra membranous protein for the ummunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-87","article-title":"Performance of a dipstick dye immunoassay for rapid screening of Schistosoma japonicum infection in areas of low endemicity","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X.N., Xu, J., Chen, H.G., Wang, T.P., Huang, X.B., Lin, D.D., Wang, Q.Z., Tang, L., Guo, J.G., and Wu, X.H. (2011). Tools to support policy decisions related to treatment strategies and surveillance of Schistosomiasis japonica towards elimination. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001408"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"982","article-title":"Effectiveness of an indirect hemagglutination assay kit at diagnosing schistosomiasis in the field","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"644","article-title":"Study on cut-off value of IHA method for schistosomiasis diagnosis in different endemic areas","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, W., Yu, X., Feng, J., Sun, K., Fu, W., Wang, Y., Zou, M., Xia, W., Luo, Z., and He, H. (2017). Field evaluation of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Hunan province of China. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2182-6"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00137-14","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis of human schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"Weerakoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.018","article-title":"Epidemiological features and effectiveness of schistosomiasis control programme in lake and marshland region in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.002","article-title":"Epidemiological features and control progress of schistosomiasis in waterway-network region in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"92","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.019","article-title":"Epidemiological features and effectiveness of schistosomiasis control programme in mountainous and hilly region of the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0390-y","article-title":"Real-time PCR diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum in low transmission areas of China","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0177","article-title":"Field evaluation of a PCR test for Schistosoma japonicum egg detection in low-prevalence regions of China","volume":"87","author":"Fung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.10.004","article-title":"Real-time PCR for detection of low intensity Schistosoma japonicum infections in a pig model","volume":"105","author":"Lier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Guan, Z.X., Zhao, B., Wang, Y.Y., Cao, Y., Zhang, H.Q., Zhu, X.Q., He, Y.K., and Xia, C.M. (2015). DNA detection of Schistosoma japonicum: Diagnostic validity of a LAMP assay for low-intensity infection and effects of chemotherapy in humans. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003668"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.08.010","article-title":"Sensitive and rapid detection of Schistosoma japonicum DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-164","article-title":"Application of DNA-based diagnostics in detection of schistosomal DNA in early infection and after drug treatment","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"273","article-title":"Establishment of a recombinase-aided isothermal amplification technique to detect Schistosoma japonicum specific gene fragments","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schisto. Control"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"334","article-title":"Establishment of a nucleic acid dipstick test for detection of Schistosoma japonicum specific gene fragments based on the recombinase-aided isothermal amplification assay","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"23","article-title":"Rapid detection of Schistosoma japonicum specific gene fragment by recombinase aided isothermal amplification combined with fluorescent probe","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1745-5","article-title":"Recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick for rapid and visual detection of Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, W., Wang, S., Wang, L., Lv, C., Li, Y., Feng, T., Qin, Z., and Xu, J. (2022). Laboratory evaluation of a basic recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for early detection of Schistosoma japonicum. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030319"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"WHO (2022, June 06). Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240010352."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"WHO (2022, June 06). WHO Guideline on Control and Elimination of Human Schistosomiasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240041608."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Bergquist, R., Zhou, X.N., Xue, J.B., and Qian, M.B. (2019). Combating infectious disease epidemics through China\u2019s Belt and Road Initiative. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007107"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X.Y., He, J., Juma, S., Kabole, F., Guo, J.G., Dai, J.R., Li, W., and Yang, K. (2019). Efficacy of China-made praziquantel for treatment of schistosomiasis haematobium in Africa: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007238"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., and Mehlhorn, H. (2021). Bulinus snails control by China-made niclosamide in Zanzibar: Experiences and lessons. Sino-African Cooperation for Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72165-7"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105285","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of two specific Schistosoma japonicum immunological tests for screening Schistosoma haematobium in school children in Zambia","volume":"202","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.008","article-title":"Application of dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA) kit for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis mekongi","volume":"96","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-260","article-title":"Improving the management of imported schistosomiasis haematobia in China: Lessons from a case with multiple misdiagnoses","volume":"6","author":"Hua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"419","article-title":"Preliminary study on detection of schistosomiasis mansoni with dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA) kit","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schist. Control"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/7\/791\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:49:20Z","timestamp":1760140160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/7\/791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11070791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11070791","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]}}}