{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T20:41:51Z","timestamp":1768077711410,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":289,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogenic viruses with an RNA genome represent a challenge for global human health since they have the tremendous potential to develop into devastating pandemics\/epidemics. The management of the recent COVID-19 pandemic was possible to a certain extent only because of the strong foundations laid by the research on previous viral outbreaks, especially Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). A clear understanding of the mechanisms of the host immune response generated upon viral infections is a prime requisite for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Hence, we present here a comparative study of alterations in immune response upon SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola virus infections that illustrate many common features. Vaccination and pregnancy are two important aspects that need to be studied from an immunological perspective. So, we summarize the outcomes and immune responses in vaccinated and pregnant individuals in the context of COVID-19 and EVD. Considering the significance of immunomodulatory approaches in combating both these diseases, we have also presented the state of the art of such therapeutics and prophylactics. Currently, several vaccines against these viruses have been approved or are under clinical trials in various parts of the world. Therefore, we also recapitulate the latest developments in these which would inspire researchers to look for possibilities of developing vaccines against many other RNA viruses. We hope that the similar aspects in COVID-19 and EVD open up new avenues for the development of pan-viral therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["RNA Viruses, Pregnancy and Vaccination: Emerging Lessons from COVID-19 and Ebola Virus Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chandrasekharan Rajalekshmi","family":"Dhanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Government College Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0173-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aswathy","family":"Shailaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aarcha Shanmugha","family":"Mary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610105, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumodan Padikkala","family":"Kandiyil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Government College, Vadakara 673102, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambili","family":"Savithri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Sree Narayana College, Kollam 691001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishnu Sasidharan","family":"Lathakumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Industrial Microbiology, Sree Narayana College for Women, Kollam 691001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayakrishnan Therthala","family":"Veettil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Government Brennen College, Thalassery 670106, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiji Joseph","family":"Vandanamthadathil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Government Brennen College, Thalassery 670106, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4991-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Madhavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Aleem, A., Dulebohn, S., and Di Napoli, R. 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