{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:12:25Z","timestamp":1790665945791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillus cereus group bacteria containing the anthrax toxin genes can cause fatal anthrax pneumonia in welders. Two welder\u2019s anthrax cases identified in 2020 were investigated to determine the source of each patient\u2019s exposure. Environmental sampling was performed at locations where each patient had recent exposure to soil and dust. Samples were tested for the anthrax toxin genes by real-time PCR, and culture was performed on positive samples to identify whether any environmental isolates matched the patient\u2019s clinical isolate. A total of 185 environmental samples were collected in investigation A for patient A and 108 samples in investigation B for patient B. All samples from investigation B were real-time PCR-negative, but 14 (8%) samples from investigation A were positive, including 10 from patient A\u2019s worksite and 4 from his work-related clothing and gear. An isolate genetically matching the one recovered from patient A was successfully cultured from a worksite soil sample. All welder\u2019s anthrax cases should be investigated to determine the source of exposure, which may be linked to their worksite. Welding and metalworking employers should consider conducting a workplace hazard assessment and implementing controls to reduce the risk of occupationally associated illnesses including welder\u2019s anthrax.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1658713333000},"page":"825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epidemiologic Investigation of Two Welder\u2019s Anthrax Cases Caused by Bacillus cereus Group Bacteria: Occupational Link Established by Environmental Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1324-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Dawson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna S.","family":"Salzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline A.","family":"Schrodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7041-6322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Feldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cari B.","family":"Kolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay E.","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung K.","family":"Marston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329, 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