{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:41:39Z","timestamp":1780695699325,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP51941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP51941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI034969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI034969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US National Institutes of Health","award":["OPP51941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP51941"]}]},{"name":"US National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AI034969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI034969"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Secondary lymphoid tissues play a major role in the human immune response to P. falciparum infection. Previous studies have shown that acute falciparum malaria is associated with marked perturbations of the cellular immune system characterized by lowered frequency and absolute number of circulating T cell subsets. A temporary relocation of T cells, possibly by infiltration to secondary lymphoid tissue, or their permanent loss through apoptosis, are two proposed explanations for this observation. We conducted the present study to determine the phenotype of lymphocyte subsets that accumulate in the lymph node and spleen during acute stages of falciparum malaria infection in Malawian children, and to test the hypothesis that lymphocytes are relocated to lymphoid tissues during acute infection. We stained tissue sections from children who had died of the two common clinical forms of severe malaria in Malawi, namely severe malarial anemia (SMA, n = 1) and cerebral malaria (CM, n = 3), and used tissue sections from pediatric patients who had died of non-malaria sepsis (n = 2) as controls. Both lymph node and spleen tissue (red pulp) sections from CM patients had higher percentages of T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) compared to the SMA patient. In the latter, we observed a higher percentage of CD20+ B cells in the lymph nodes compared to CM patients, whereas the opposite was observed in the spleen. Both lymph node and spleen sections from CM patients had increased percentages of CD69+ and CD45RO+ cells compared to tissue sections from the SMA patient. These results support the hypothesis that the relocation of lymphocytes to spleen and lymph node may contribute to the pan-lymphopenia observed in acute CM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T22:43:26Z","timestamp":1659048206000},"page":"851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of Lymphocyte Subsets in Lymph Node and Spleen Sections in Fatal Pediatric Malaria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wilson L.","family":"Mandala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo 310106, Malawi"},{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312233, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrie E.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312233, Malawi"},{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel C.","family":"Wassmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312233, Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60844-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990\u20132013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-39","article-title":"Declining malaria in Africa: Improving the measurement of progress","volume":"13","author":"Gething","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. 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