{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:58:20Z","timestamp":1792623500307,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taif University","award":["TURSP2020\/104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP2020\/104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are a universal public health alarm frequently identified among humans, animals, and poultry. Livestock and poultry production are a possible source of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, including ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, which confer antimicrobial resistance to different \u03b2-lactam antimicrobial agents. From January to May 2020, a cross-sectional study was carried out in three dairy cattle farms and four poultry farms in different districts of northern Egypt to assess the prevalence of ESBLs, AmpC beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella in livestock, poultry, and human contacts, and to investigate the genetic relatedness of the recovered isolates. In total, 140 samples were collected, including human fecal samples (n = 20) of workers with intimate livestock contact, cattle rectal swabs (n = 34), milk (n = 14), milking machine swabs (n = 8), rations (n = 2), and water (n = 2) from different cattle farms, as well as cloacal swabs (n = 45), rations (n = 5), water (n = 5) and litter (n = 5) from poultry farms. The specimens were investigated for ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella using HiCrome ESBL media agar. The agar disk diffusion method characterized the isolated strains for their phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was 30.0%, 20.0%, and 25.0% in humans, cattle, and poultry, respectively. Further genotypic characterization was performed using conventional and multiplex PCR assays for the molecular identification of ESBL and AmpC genes. The majority of the ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae showed a multi-drug resistant phenotype. Additionally, blaSHV was the predominant ESBL genotype (n = 31; 93.94%), and was mainly identified in humans (n = 6), cattle (n = 11), and poultry (14); its existence in various reservoirs is a concern, and highlights the necessity of the development of definite control strategies to limit the abuse of antimicrobial agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T22:43:26Z","timestamp":1659048206000},"page":"852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae among Human, Cattle, and Poultry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Nossair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma A.","family":"Abd El Baqy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad S. Y.","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute, Damanhur 22511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitham","family":"Elaadli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa M.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8306-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman H.","family":"Abd El-Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Alkhedaide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7208-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Mohamed","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6687-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Shukry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2589-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabah I.","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0380","article-title":"High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Settings in Egypt: Recalling for Judicious Use of Conventional Antimicrobials in Developing Nations","volume":"25","author":"Khalifa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. 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