{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:57:31Z","timestamp":1760230651409,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Grants-in Aid from MHLW","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20HA2007","21HA2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20HA2007","21HA2003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japanese Respiratory Foundation","award":["20HA2007","21HA2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20HA2007","21HA2003"]}]},{"name":"Naito Foundation","award":["20HA2007","21HA2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20HA2007","21HA2003"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation for Opto-Science and Technology","award":["20HA2007","21HA2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20HA2007","21HA2003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we show that the coronavirus (CoV) genome may encode many functional hydrophobic alpha-helical peptides (HAHPs) in overlapping reading frames of major coronaviral proteins throughout the entire viral genome. These HAHPs can theoretically be expressed from non-canonical sub-genomic (sg)RNAs that are synthesized in substantial amounts in infected cells. We selected and analyzed five and six HAHPs encoded in the S gene regions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively. Two and three HAHPs derived from SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, respectively, specifically interacted with both the SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV S proteins and inhibited their membrane fusion activity. Furthermore, one of the SARS-CoV-2 HAHPs specifically inhibited viral RNA synthesis by accumulating at the site of viral RNA synthesis. Our data show that a group of HAHPs in the coronaviral genome potentially has a regulatory role in viral propagation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T23:33:01Z","timestamp":1659569581000},"page":"877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hydrophobic Alpha-Helical Short Peptides in Overlapping Reading Frames of the Coronavirus Genome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Okura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3375-9799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuya","family":"Shirato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Kakizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoko","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shutoku","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6343-0230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2985-1282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Kume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Chishiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9542-5188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohji","family":"Moriishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Hepatitis Virology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Sonoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan"},{"name":"Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness (GUCFW), Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan"},{"name":"Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1626-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuaki","family":"Hosoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7186-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5459-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsumi","family":"Maenaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehata, A.A., Attia, Y.A., Rahman, M.T., Basiouni, S., El-Seedi, H.R., Azhar, E.I., Khafaga, A.F., and Hafez, H.M. (2022). Diversity of Coronaviruses with Particular Attention to the Interspecies Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030378"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, A., Ferdous, J., Islam, S., Sayeed, M.A., Dutta Choudhury, S., Saha, O., Hassan, M.M., and Shirin, T. (2021). Evolutionary Dynamics and Epidemiology of Endemic and Emerging Coronaviruses in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Wildlife. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101908"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.12.013","article-title":"Unresolved questions in the zoonotic transmission of MERS","volume":"52","author":"Peiris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21240-1","article-title":"Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses circulating in bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia","volume":"12","author":"Wacharapluesadee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Han, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, B., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., Su, H., Zhao, W., Liu, L., and Bai, S. (2022). A comprehensive survey of bat sarbecoviruses across China for the origin tracing of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Res. Sq., 1\u201337.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-885194\/v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26809-4","article-title":"A novel SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus in bats from Cambodia","volume":"12","author":"Delaune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.203386","article-title":"Detection and Characterization of Bat Sarbecovirus Phylogenetically Related to SARS-CoV-2, Japan","volume":"26","author":"Murakami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temmam, S., Vongphayloth, K., Salazar, E.B., Munier, S., Bonomi, M., R\u00e9gnault, B., Douangboubpha, B., Karami, Y., Chretien, D., and Sanamxay, D. (2021). Coronaviruses with a SARS-CoV-2-like receptor- binding domain allowing ACE2-mediated entry into human cells isolated from bats of Indochinese peninsula. Res. Sq., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-871965\/v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Q., Cao, L., Ma, C., Liu, C., Si, J., Liu, P., Gu, M., Wang, C., Shi, L., and Tong, F. (2022). Close relatives of MERS-CoV in bats use ACE2 as their functional receptors. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.24.477490"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002660","article-title":"Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children","volume":"39","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.011","article-title":"The Architecture of SARS-CoV-2 Transcriptome","volume":"181","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.02.036","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 subgenome landscape and its novel regulatory features","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109108","article-title":"Transcriptional and epi-transcriptional dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 during cellular infection","volume":"35","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.268110.120","article-title":"Subgenomic RNA identification in SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"Parker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00802-w","article-title":"Pervasive generation of non-canonical subgenomic RNAs by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"Nomburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, S. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Subgenomic RNAs: Characterization, Utility, and Perspectives. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101923"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2739-1","article-title":"The coding capacity of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"589","author":"Finkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, P., Fang, L., Zhang, H., Xia, S., and Xiao, S. (2021). Functions of Coronavirus Accessory Proteins: Overview of the State of the Art. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061139"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.2.996-1003.1997","article-title":"The internal open reading frame within the nucleocapsid gene of mouse hepatitis virus encodes a structural protein that is not essential for viral replication","volume":"71","author":"Fischer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(96)01423-2","article-title":"Bovine coronavirus I protein synthesis follows ribosomal scanning on the bicistronic N mRNA","volume":"48","author":"Senanayake","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.03.011","article-title":"Intracellular localization of the SARS coronavirus protein 9b: Evidence of active export from the nucleus","volume":"127","author":"Moshynskyy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.4.378","article-title":"SOSUI: Classification and secondary structure prediction system for membrane proteins","volume":"14","author":"Hirokawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/18.4.608","article-title":"Amphiphilicity index of polar amino acids as an aid in the characterization of amino acid preference at membrane-water interfaces","volume":"18","author":"Mitaku","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2169-0","article-title":"Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins","volume":"583","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.05.009","article-title":"Double-Membrane Vesicles as Platforms for Viral Replication","volume":"28","author":"Wolff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3629","article-title":"A molecular pore spans the double membrane of the coronavirus replication organelle","volume":"369","author":"Wolff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105268","article-title":"Establishment of a stable SARS-CoV-2 replicon system for application in high-throughput screening","volume":"199","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.08.010","article-title":"Cytosine deamination and selection of CpG suppressed clones are the two major independent biological forces that shape codon usage bias in coronaviruses","volume":"369","author":"Woo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69342-y","article-title":"Human SARS-CoV-2 has evolved to reduce CG dinucleotide in its open reading frames","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25754","article-title":"From SARS and MERS CoVs to SARS-CoV-2: Moving toward more biased codon usage in viral structural and nonstructural genes","volume":"92","author":"Kandeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.01.006","article-title":"Analysis of synonymous codon usage in SARS Coronavirus and other viruses in the Nidovirales","volume":"101","author":"Gu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virus. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-75-11-3041","article-title":"Internal ribosome entry in the coding region of murine hepatitis virus mRNA 5","volume":"75","author":"Thiel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6143","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.10.6143-6154.1992","article-title":"Internal entry of ribosomes on a tricistronic mRNA encoded by infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.06.013","article-title":"Accessory proteins of SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses","volume":"109","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01691-06","article-title":"The ORF7b protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is expressed in virus-infected cells and incorporated into SARS-CoV particles","volume":"81","author":"Schaecher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.046","article-title":"Profiling SARS-CoV-2 HLA-I peptidome reveals T cell epitopes from out-of-frame ORFs","volume":"184","author":"Klaeger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.02.013","article-title":"Conflicting and ambiguous names of overlapping ORFs in the SARS-CoV-2 genome: A homology-based resolution","volume":"558","author":"Jungreis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.04.044","article-title":"Importance of SARS-CoV spike protein Trp-rich region in viral infectivity","volume":"371","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1021\/bi501352u","article-title":"Tryptophan-dependent membrane interaction and heteromerization with the internal fusion peptide by the membrane proximal external region of SARS-CoV spike protein","volume":"54","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02371-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02371-21","article-title":"Betacoronavirus assembly: Clues and perspectives for elucidating SARS-CoV-2 particle formation and egress","volume":"12","author":"Bracquemond","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25589-1","article-title":"Sequences in the cytoplasmic tail of SARS-CoV-2 Spike facilitate expression at the cell surface and syncytia formation","volume":"12","author":"Welch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01470-7","article-title":"Targeted intracellular degradation of SARS-CoV-2 via computationally optimized peptide fusions","volume":"3","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.11.012","article-title":"Wild-type human coronaviruses prefer cell-surface TMPRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry","volume":"517","author":"Shirato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0102721","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.01027-21","article-title":"Thirteen Nearly Complete Genome Sequences of Human Bocavirus 1 Isolated from Pediatric Inpatients in Fukushima, Japan","volume":"11","author":"Kakizaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002589117","article-title":"Enhanced isolation of SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing cells","volume":"117","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.9.4399-4401.2001","article-title":"Measles viruses on throat swabs from measles patients use signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (CDw150) but not CD46 as a cellular receptor","volume":"75","author":"Ono","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12552","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01890-13","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection mediated by the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2","volume":"87","author":"Shirato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(91)90434-D","article-title":"Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector","volume":"108","author":"Niwa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10039","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00586-14","article-title":"Influenza A virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase mutually accelerate their apical targeting through clustering of lipid rafts","volume":"88","author":"Ohkura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/14.4.1545","article-title":"Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the Sendai virus genome RNA and the predicted amino acid sequences of the F., HN and L proteins","volume":"14","author":"Shioda","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6827","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00248-07","article-title":"Altered interaction of the matrix protein with the cytoplasmic tail of hemagglutinin modulates measles virus growth by affecting virus assembly and cell-cell fusion","volume":"81","author":"Tahara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11930","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01490-13","article-title":"TMPRSS2 Is an Activating Protease for Respiratory Parainfluenza Viruses","volume":"87","author":"Abe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/8\/877\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:03:45Z","timestamp":1760141025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/8\/877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11080877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11080877","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]}}}