{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T22:35:38Z","timestamp":1785191738325,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Akademie f\u00fcr Tiergesundheit e.V and Gesellschaft der Freunde der Tier\u00e4rztlichen Hochschule Hannover","award":["LE 824\/10-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE 824\/10-1"]}]},{"name":"Zoonosenplattform with the BMBF\/DLR project \u201cIVIBAK\u201d","award":["LE 824\/10-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE 824\/10-1"]}]},{"name":"International Study and Training Partnerships (ISAP) program of DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) between Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica and University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Germany","award":["LE 824\/10-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE 824\/10-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["LE 824\/10-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE 824\/10-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaesserella (G.) parasuis is one of the most important porcine pathogens causing Glaesser\u2019s disease. Neutrophil granulocytes are the major counteracting cell type of the innate immune system, which contribute to the host defense by phagocytosis or the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Recently, NET-formation has been shown to facilitate the survival of bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae family. However, the interaction of NETs and G. parasuis is unclear so far. In this study, we investigated the interplay of three G. parasuis serotypes with porcine neutrophils. The production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils after G. parasuis infection varied slightly among the serotypes but was generally low and not significantly influenced by the serotypes. Interestingly, we detected that independent of the serotype of G. parasuis, NET formation in neutrophils was induced to a small but significant extent. This phenomenon occurred despite the ability of G. parasuis to release nucleases, which can degrade NETs. Furthermore, the growth of Glaesserella was enhanced by external DNases and degraded NETs. This indicates that Glaesserella takes up degraded NET components, supplying them with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), as this benefit was diminished by inhibiting the 5\u2032-nucleotidase, which metabolizes NAD. Our results indicate a serotype-independent interaction of Glaesserella with neutrophils by inducing NET-formation and benefiting from DNA degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T02:12:39Z","timestamp":1659665559000},"page":"880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Studying the Interaction of Neutrophils and Glaesserella Parasuis Indicates a Serotype Independent Benefit from Degradation of NETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0378-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta C.","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lassnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Obando Corella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabea","family":"Imker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5411-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Valentin-Weigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7712-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maren","family":"von K\u00f6ckritz-Blickwede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5305-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Luther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Reproductive Medicine, Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3994-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Hennig-Pauka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants and Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 49456 Bakum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4516-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"de Buhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108595","article-title":"Update on Gl\u00e4sser\u2019s disease: How to control the disease under restrictive use of antimicrobials","volume":"242","author":"Maldonado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Aragon, V., Segal\u00e9s, J., and Oliveira, S. (2006). Diseases of swine-Gl\u00e4sser\u2019s disease. Disease of Swine, Blackwell Publishing. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10627-0","article-title":"New insights about functional and cross-reactive properties of antibodies generated against recombinant TbpBs of Haemophilus parasuis","volume":"7","author":"Barasuol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0104-9","article-title":"Biofilm formation by virulent and non-virulent strains of Haemophilus parasuis","volume":"45","author":"Deslandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"83","article-title":"Agents of the \u201csuis-ide diseases\u201d of swine: Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis","volume":"63","author":"MacInnes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0263-3","article-title":"Haemophilus parasuis: Infection, immunity and enrofloxacin","volume":"46","author":"Macedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009007","article-title":"Differences in phagocytosis susceptibility in Haemophilus parasuis strains","volume":"40","author":"Olvera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.08.027","article-title":"Advances in the quest for virulence factors of Haemophilus parasuis","volume":"198","author":"Aragon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.05.021","article-title":"Haemophilus parasuis infection activates the NF-\u03baB pathway in PK-15 cells through I\u03baB degradation","volume":"160","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1428","article-title":"IL-8 induces neutrophil chemotaxis predominantly via type I IL-8 receptors","volume":"155","author":"Hammond","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.56.639","article-title":"Pathologic Observations of Pigs Intranasally Inoculated with Serovar 1, 4 and 5 of Haemophilus parasuis Using Immunoperoxidase Method","volume":"56","author":"Amano","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1049","article-title":"The influence of age, farm, and physiological status on pig hematological profiles","volume":"26","author":"Nemec","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fingerhut, L., Dolz, G., and de Buhr, N. (2020). What Is the Evolutionary Fingerprint in Neutrophil Granulocytes?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124523"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4MIR0220-574RR","article-title":"Neutrophils at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"108","author":"Rosales","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1178","article-title":"NETosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Role in Physiology and Pathology","volume":"85","author":"Vorobjeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"11","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral","volume":"7","author":"Raftery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Far beyond Phagocytosis: Phagocyte-Derived Extracellular Traps Act Efficiently against Protozoan Parasites In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"2016","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00659.x","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps capture and kill Candida albicans and hyphal forms","volume":"8","author":"Urban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1895-4","article-title":"Degraded neutrophil extracellular traps promote the growth of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae","volume":"10","author":"Bonilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1039\/b9nj00758j","article-title":"5\u2032-Nucleotidases and their new roles in NAD+ and phosphate metabolism","volume":"34","author":"Bogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548209","article-title":"Pathogenicity and Immunity Studies of Haemophilus Parasuis Serotypes","volume":"34","author":"Nielsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00862-1","article-title":"Serotyping and pathotyping of Glaesserella parasuis isolated 2012\u20132019 in Germany comparing different PCR-based methods","volume":"51","author":"Schuwerk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brockmeier, S.L., Register, K.B., Kuehn, J.S., Nicholson, T.L., Loving, C.L., Bayles, D.O., Shore, S.M., and Phillips, G.J. (2014). Virulence and Draft Genome Sequence Overview of Multiple Strains of the Swine Pathogen Haemophilus parasuis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103787"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00935-9","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Glaesserella parasuis strains isolated from North America, Europe and Asia by serotyping PCR and LS-PCR","volume":"52","author":"Macedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000040","article-title":"Identification of a novel DNase of Streptococcus suis (EndAsuis) important for neutrophil extracellular trap degradation during exponential growth","volume":"161","author":"Stehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.072199-0","article-title":"Streptococcus suis DNase SsnA contributes to degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and evasion of NET-mediated antimicrobial activity","volume":"160","author":"Neumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7232","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00959-08","article-title":"The Extracellular Nuclease Dns and Its Role in Natural Transformation of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"190","author":"Blokesch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seper, A., Hosseinzadeh, A., Gorkiewicz, G., Lichtenegger, S., Roier, S., Leitner, D.R., R\u00f6hm, M., Grutsch, A., Reidl, J., and Urban, C.F. (2013). Vibrio cholerae Evades Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by the Activity of Two Extracellular Nucleases. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003614"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv031","article-title":"A Thermonuclease of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Enhances Bacterial Escape From Killing by Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"212","author":"Juneau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1159\/000319909","article-title":"Nuclease expression by Staphylococcus aureus facilitates escape from neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"2","author":"Berends","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.123.1.222-232.1975","article-title":"Identification of a Deoxyribonuclease Implicated in Genetic Transformation of Diplococcus pneumoniae","volume":"123","author":"Lacks","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.01.056","article-title":"An Endonuclease Allows Streptococcus pneumoniae to Escape from Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"16","author":"Beiter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq802","article-title":"Mutational and biochemical analysis of the DNA-entry nuclease EndA from Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"39","author":"Midon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1152","article-title":"Structural insights into catalytic and substrate binding mechanisms of the strategic EndA nuclease from Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"39","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg\u00e9, M.J., Kamgou\u00e9, A., Martin, B., Polard, P., Campo, N., and Claverys, J.-P. (2013). Midcell Recruitment of the DNA Uptake and Virulence Nuclease, EndA, for Pneumococcal Transformation. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003596"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Kuang, Z., Wilson, B.A., and Lau, G.W. (2013). Competence-independent activity of pneumococcal enda mediates degradation of extracellular DNA and nets and is important for virulence. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/75f51a45-a2de-4893-94cf-0045056a4d7c"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04255.x","article-title":"Post-proteomic identification of a novel phage-encoded streptodornase, Sda1, in invasive M1T1 Streptococcus pyogenes","volume":"54","author":"Aziz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1612","article-title":"DNase Sda1 provides selection pressure for a switch to invasive group A streptococcal infection","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00220-11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00220-11","article-title":"Leukocyte Inflammatory Responses Provoked by Pneumococcal Sialidase","volume":"3","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-7-2449","article-title":"Mitogenic factor secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes is a heat-stable nuclease requiring His122 for activity","volume":"143","author":"Iwasaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-11-2785","article-title":"Mitogenic factor (MF) is the major DNase of serotype M89 Streptococcus pyogenes","volume":"146","author":"Sriskandan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.12.039","article-title":"DNase Expression Allows the Pathogen Group A Streptococcus to Escape Killing in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"16","author":"Buchanan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Niu, H., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xie, F., Langford, P.R., Liu, S., and Wang, C. (2017). Haemophilus parasuis cytolethal distending toxin induces cell cycle arrest and p53-dependent apoptosis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177199"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5626-5634.2001","article-title":"Characterization of Haemophilus ducreyi cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC mutants in in vitro and in vivo systems","volume":"69","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"424","article-title":"Reactive oxidants and myeloperoxidase and their involvement in neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"3","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5177-1","article-title":"Regulation and termination of NADPH oxidase activity","volume":"62","author":"DeCoursey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060815-014442","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species and Neutrophil Function","volume":"85","author":"Winterbourn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitby, P.W., Morton, D.J., VanWagoner, T.M., Seale, T.W., Cole, B.K., Mussa, H.J., McGhee, P.A., Bauer, C.Y.S., Springer, J.M., and Stull, T.L. (2012). Haemophilus influenzae OxyR: Characterization of Its Regulation, Regulon and Role in Fitness. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050588"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.12.010","article-title":"OxyR of Haemophilus parasuis is a global transcriptional regulator important in oxidative stress resistance and growth","volume":"643","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonilla, M.C., Fingerhut, L., Alfonso-Castro, A., Mergani, A., Schwennen, C., von K\u00f6ckritz-Blickwede, M., and de Buhr, N. (2020). How Long Does a Neutrophil Live?\u2014The Effect of 24 h Whole Blood Storage on Neutrophil Functions in Pigs. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8080278"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090097","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus synthesizes adenosine to escape host immune responses","volume":"206","author":"Thammavongsa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennig-Pauka, I., Imker, R., Mayer, L., Br\u00fcgmann, M., Werckenthin, C., Weber, H., Menrath, A., and de Buhr, N. (2019). From Stable to Lab\u2014Investigating Key Factors for Sudden Deaths Caused by Streptococcus suis. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040249"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steffensen, N., Imker, R., Lassnig, S., Fulde, M., Rieder, J.C., and de Buhr, N. (2021). Methylprednisolone Induces Extracellular Trap Formation and Enhances Bactericidal Effect of Canine Neutrophils. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147734"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/8\/880\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:03:58Z","timestamp":1760141038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/8\/880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11080880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11080880","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]}}}