{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:17:31Z","timestamp":1774379851055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bangladesh Agricultural University Research and Education System","award":["BAU-2019-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAU-2019-050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral and periodontal diseases (OPD) is considered one of the main problems of dentistry worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of oral and periodontal pathogenic bacteria along with their antimicrobial resistance pattern in 131 children patients aged between 4\u201310 years who attended in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital during October 2019 to March 2020. OPD pathogens were identified through isolation, cultural and biochemical properties, and nucleic acid detection. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility to 12 antibiotics commonly used in dentistry. In addition, the isolates were analyzed molecularly for the presence of six virulence and three antibacterial resistance genes. Five pathogens were identified, of which Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (49%) and S. salivarius (46%) were noticed frequently; other bacteria included S. mutans (16.8%), S. sobrinus (0.8%) and L. fermentum (13.7%). The virulence genes\u2014clumping factor A (clfA) was detected in 62.5% isolates of S. aureus, and gelatinase enzyme E (gelE) gene was detected in 5% isolates of S. salivarius, while other virulence genes were not detected. All the tested isolates were multidrug-resistant. The overall prevalence of MDR S. aureus, Streptococcus spp. and L. fermentum was 92.2%, 95.1% and 100%, respectively. It was observed that a high proportion of isolates were found resistant to 5\u20138 antibiotics. A majority of S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., and L. fermentum isolates tested positive for the \u03b2\u2212lactamase resistance genes blaTEM and cfxA, as well as the methicillin resistance gene mecA. Phylogenetically, the resistance genes showed variable genetic character among Bangladeshi bacterial pathogens. In conclusion, S. aureus and S. salivarius were major OPD pathogens in patients attended in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital of Bangladesh, and most were Beta-lactam and methicillin resistant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1660105232000},"page":"890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of Methicillin and \u03b2\u2212Lactamase Resistant Pathogens Associated with Oral and Periodontal Disease of Children in Mymensingh, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sharmin","family":"Sultana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2558-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rokshana","family":"Parvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mst. Sonia","family":"Parvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Taohidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abu Saleh Mahfuzul","family":"Bari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8212-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emdadul Haque","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"The prevention of periodontal disease\u2014An overview","volume":"84","author":"Scannapieco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontology 2020"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005","article-title":"Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity","volume":"43","author":"Aas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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