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During necropsies of roadkill xenarthran species in Brazil, a case of ovarian filariasis in an adult female southern tamandua was observed. Macroscopically, both ovaries were irregularly enlarged and had numerous smooth protuberances. Histologically, the affected ovarian parenchyma presented adult nematodes (including females with microfilaria) surrounded by pleocellular inflammatory infiltrates. The morphological characteristics of the nematodes were consistent with the superfamily Filarioidea (order Spirurida). The adjacent ovarian parenchyma had developing and atretic follicles at different stages of maturation. Filarial nematodes were not observed in other tissues. The cause of death of this tamandua was fatal acute polytrauma as a consequence of the motor vehicle collision. This case adds to a prior report of ovarian filariasis in two southern tamanduas in Nicaragua and Guatemala, dating back almost 100 years, and suggests filarial infections could potentially have an impact on reproductive success in southern tamanduas and possibly other xenarthrans. Several xenarthran species are under different levels of threat and knowledge of their basic reproductive health is crucial for conservation programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T23:44:03Z","timestamp":1660607043000},"page":"918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ovarian Filariasis in a Wild Southern Tamandua (Tamanduatetradactyla; Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lilja","family":"Fromme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9731-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora Regina","family":"Yogui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Conservation of Wild Animals (ICAS), Campo Grande 79070-180, Brazil"},{"name":"Nashville Zoo, Nashville, TN 37211, USA"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Conservation (PPGEC), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6742-8173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Henrique","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Conservation of Wild Animals (ICAS), Campo Grande 79070-180, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Conservation (PPGEC), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"D\u00edaz-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology (LAPCOM), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud Leonard Jean","family":"Desbiez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Conservation of Wild Animals (ICAS), Campo Grande 79070-180, Brazil"},{"name":"Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS), Murrayfield, Edinburgh EH12 6TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luis Quagliatto","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Wild Animal Research (LAPAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38405-302, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Mariotti","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Pathology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3842-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Langeheine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Siebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, 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