{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:46:52Z","timestamp":1779371212405,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meningitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has lately become a prevalent cause of the central nervous system (CNS) infection. Bacterial invasion into the subarachnoid space prompts the releasing mechanism of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The present study aimed to compare K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa meningitis concerning the memory, pro-inflammatory mediators and brain histopathological changes at different time intervals in adult Albino rats. The animals were sacrificed at three time intervals comprising 5, 10 and 15 days after meningitis induction. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, relative brain weights, complete blood analysis, biochemical markers, levels of cytokine, chemokine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotransmitter acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and the brain histopathology of the infected rats in comparison to those in the control group were assessed. There was a significant increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and AChE after 5 days of bacterial meningitis infection with both K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. The histopathological analysis of the cerebral cortex in the P. aeruginosa meningitis model at different time intervals revealed abundant numbers of dilated and congested blood vessels with severe hemorrhage, cerebral infarct, intracellular and extracellular vacuoles, and gliosis. Fifteen days post infection, a significant reduction in the brain tissue weight was observed. The meningitis model employing P. aeruginosa exhibited more evident time-dependent severity compared to K. pneumoniae, which may advocate its validity as a simple and effective research model to study meningitis of the CNS. This model may be utilized for further investigation to ascertain the molecular and biological association between bacterial meningitis and the development of the pathophysiological hallmarks underlying Alzheimer\u2019s disease in preclinical and clinical setups. Clinical extrapolation based on studies employing animal disease models should be carefully interpreted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1660865321000},"page":"933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Memory Impairment, Pro-Inflammatory Host Response and Brain Histopathologic Severity in Rats Infected with K. pneumoniae or P. aeruginosa Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-3156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassma H.","family":"Elwakil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria P.O. Box 21311, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basant A.","family":"Bakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21568, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Aljeldah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nourhan S.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria P.O. Box 21311, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6630-1082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya H.","family":"Shahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria P.O. Box 21311, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakia A.","family":"Olama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21568, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Augustyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9395-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mourad A. M.","family":"Aboul-Soud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2117-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer","family":"El Wakil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Bacterial Meningitis in Children","volume":"105","author":"Young","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01060-2","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid can exit into the skull bone marrow and instruct cranial hematopoiesis in mice with bacterial meningitis","volume":"25","author":"Pulous","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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