{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:17:16Z","timestamp":1790666236237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &amp; Safety (ANSES)"},{"name":"DIM1 HEALTH (Ile-de-France Regional Council)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Birds play a role in maintaining tick-borne diseases by contributing to the multiplication of ticks and pathogens on a local scale during the breeding season. In the present study, we describe the diversity of tick and pathogen species of medical and veterinary importance in Europe hosted by 1040 captured birds (56 species) during their breeding season in France. Of the 3114 ticks collected, Ixodes ricinus was the most prevalent species (89.5%), followed by I. frontalis (0.8%), I. arboricola (0.7%), Haemaphysalis concinna (0.5%), H. punctata (0.5%), Hyalomma spp. (0.2%), and Rhipicephalus spp. (0.06%). Because they may be representative of the bird infection status for some pathogen species, 1106 engorged tick larvae were screened for pathogens. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was the most prevalent pathogen genus in bird-feeding larvae (11.7%), followed by Rickettsia spp. (7.4%), Anaplasma spp. (5.7%), Babesia spp. (2.3%), Ehrlichia spp. (1.4%), and B. miyamotoi (1%). Turdidae birds (Turdus merula and T. philomelos), Troglodytes troglodytes, and Anthus trivialis had a significantly higher prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l.-infected larvae than other pathogen genera. This suggests that these bird species could act as reservoir hosts for B. burgdorferi s.l. during their breeding season, and thus play an important role in acarological risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Tick Larvae Feeding on Breeding Birds in France"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2241-0225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia","family":"Rataud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemence","family":"Galon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Bournez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2255-7347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Yves","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9canismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV UMR 7179), Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 91800 Brunoy, France"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d\u2019Oiseaux (CRBPO), Centre d\u2019Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR 7204), Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Marsot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Moutailler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6938","article-title":"Overview: Ticks as vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals","volume":"13","author":"Venzal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0115","article-title":"Feeding preferences of the immature stages of three western north American ixodid ticks (Acari) for avian, reptilian, or rodent hosts","volume":"46","author":"Slowik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCoy, K.D., and Boulanger, N. (2015). Tiques Et Maladies \u00e0 Tiques: BIOLOGIE, \u00c9cologie \u00c9volutive, \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie, IRD Editions (Collection Didactiques).","DOI":"10.4000\/books.irdeditions.9001"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rataud, A., Henry, P.Y., Moutailler, S., and Marsot, M. (2021). Research effort on birds\u2019 reservoir host potential for Lyme borreliosis: A systematic review and perspectives. Transbound Emerg. Dis., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14305"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-012-9571-8","article-title":"Autochthonous and migratory birds as a dispersion source for Ixodes ricinus in southern Italy","volume":"58","author":"Falchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.01.007","article-title":"Screening for multiple tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks from birds in Denmark during spring and autumn migration seasons","volume":"10","author":"Klitgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"20190759","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis and bird populations in northern Europe","volume":"286","author":"Mysterud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.05.010","article-title":"Which forest bird species are the main hosts of the tick, Ixodes ricinus, the vector of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, during the breeding season?","volume":"42","author":"Marsot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.12.009","article-title":"Unravelling the phenology of Ixodes frontalis, a common but understudied tick species in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Agoulon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80016-9","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) and other passerine birds","volume":"291 Suppl 33","author":"Kaiser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol. IJMM"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-019-00341-z","article-title":"Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on birds (Aves) migrating through the Polish Baltic coast","volume":"77","author":"Ciebiera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.06.010","article-title":"Patterns of tick infestation and their Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection in wild birds in Portugal","volume":"6","author":"Norte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-012-9583-4","article-title":"Diversity and seasonal patterns of ticks parasitizing wild birds in western Portugal","volume":"58","author":"Norte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2423-y","article-title":"Pathogen communities of songbird-derived ticks in Europe\u2019s low countries","volume":"10","author":"Heylen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1365-0","article-title":"Bird ticks in Hungary reflect western, southern, eastern flyway connections and two genetic lineages of Ixodes frontalis and Haemaphysalis concinna","volume":"9","author":"Hornok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv149","article-title":"A Preliminary Investigation on Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Infesting Birds in Kizilirmak Delta, Turkey","volume":"53","author":"Keskin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.01.006","article-title":"Seasonal infestation of birds with immature stages of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes arboricola","volume":"8","author":"Kocianova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.101272","article-title":"Assessing the role of migratory birds in the introduction of ticks and tick-borne pathogens from African countries: An Italian experience","volume":"10","author":"Pascucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.029","article-title":"Ixodes eldaricus Djaparidze, 1950 (Ixodidae) on migrating birds\u2014Reported first time in Poland","volume":"186","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12059","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in a bird tick community","volume":"15","author":"Heylen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-015-9975-3","article-title":"The natural infection of birds and ticks feeding on birds with Rickettsia spp. and Coxiella burnetii in Slovakia","volume":"68","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-318","article-title":"Spotted fever Rickettsia species in Hyalomma and Ixodes ticks infesting migratory birds in the European Mediterranean area","volume":"7","author":"Barboutis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.08.007","article-title":"Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from migratory birds in Latvia","volume":"5","author":"Capligina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.06.001","article-title":"Tick-borne zoonotic pathogens in ticks feeding on the common nightingale including a novel strain of Rickettsia sp.","volume":"3","author":"Dubska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elfving, K., Olsen, B., Bergstr\u00f6m, S., Waldenstr\u00f6m, J., Lundkvist, A., Sj\u00f6stedt, A., Mejlon, H., and Nilsson, K. (2010). Dissemination of spotted fever rickettsia agents in Europe by migrating birds. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008572"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"340","article-title":"Detection of spotted fever group Rickettsia spp. from bird ticks in the U.K.","volume":"24","author":"Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-020-01415-4","article-title":"Anaplasmataceae closely related to Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Neorickettsia helminthoeca from birds in Central Europe, Hungary","volume":"113","author":"Hornok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.07.001","article-title":"Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from breeding and migratory birds in Switzerland","volume":"5","author":"Lommano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2828-5","article-title":"Detection of West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus in birds in Slovakia, using a universal primer set","volume":"161","author":"Csank","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.11.011","article-title":"Detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus in I. ricinus ticks collected from autumn migratory birds in Latvia","volume":"6","author":"Kazarina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2507.181345","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome in tick from migratory bird, Italy","volume":"25","author":"Mancuso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0668","article-title":"Absence of Lyme disease spirochetes in larval Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"12","author":"Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04049-7","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus under field conditions extrapolated from DNA detection in questing larvae","volume":"13","author":"Hauck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1475","article-title":"Fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"4","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"008","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2018.008","article-title":"Molecular screening for bacterial pathogens in ticks (Ixodes ricinus) collected on migratory birds captured in northern Italy","volume":"65","author":"Pajoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen, B.N., Jenkins, A., and Kjelland, V. (2020). Tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from migratory birds in southern Norway. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230579"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02278-10","article-title":"Synanthropic birds influence the distribution of Borrelia species: Analysis of Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on passerine birds","volume":"77","author":"Dubska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101682","article-title":"What do we still need to know about Ixodes ricinus?","volume":"12","author":"Gray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101460","article-title":"First record of Haemaphysalis concinna (Acari: Ixodidae) in Lithuania","volume":"11","author":"Paulauskas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-021-00845-3","article-title":"Ticks and their epidemiological role in Slovakia: From the past till present","volume":"77","author":"Stanko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000225","article-title":"Seasonal feeding activity of the tree-hole tick, Ixodes arboricola","volume":"141","author":"Heylen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.04.002","article-title":"Geographical distribution, climate adaptation and vector competence of the Eurasian hard tick Haemaphysalis concinna","volume":"9","author":"Rubel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"379","author":"Stanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2450","article-title":"Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus and coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus in western Ukraine","volume":"19","author":"Ben","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.12.010","article-title":"Prevalence of different Rickettsia spp. in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in north-eastern Poland","volume":"9","author":"Biernat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2478\/v10039-012-0023-9","article-title":"Diversity of Babesia in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Poland","volume":"57","author":"Bajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.12.012","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi in vectors and hosts in The Netherlands","volume":"8","author":"Wagemakers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-006-0729-4","article-title":"Ticks (Ixodidae) from passerine birds in the Carpathian region","volume":"118","author":"Sparagano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.09.001","article-title":"Presence of an emerging subclone of Francisella tularensis holarctica in Ixodes ricinus ticks from south-western Germany","volume":"4","author":"Gehringer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0180","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii and coinfections in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Central Germany","volume":"11","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6829","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01630-10","article-title":"Coexistence of pathogens in host-seeking and feeding ticks within a single natural habitat in Central Germany","volume":"76","author":"Franke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1458","article-title":"Detection of microbial agents in ticks collected from migratory birds in central Italy","volume":"14","author":"Toma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0210","article-title":"The importance of Ixodes arboricola in transmission of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the Czech Republic, Central Europe","volume":"11","author":"Spitalska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4116-1","article-title":"Host specificity of a bird-specialised endophilic ectoparasite, the tree-hole tick Ixodes arboricola","volume":"113","author":"Heylen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12124","article-title":"Detection of tick-borne Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma centrale in Spain","volume":"29","author":"Palomar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-212","article-title":"Spotted fever group rickettsiae in Dermacentor reticulatus and Haemaphysalis punctata ticks in the UK","volume":"6","author":"Hansford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101902","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia and Babesia species in Haemaphysalis punctata ticks sampled in Southern England","volume":"13","author":"Phipps","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.03.002","article-title":"Ticks of the Hyalomma marginatum complex transported by migratory birds into Central Europe","volume":"5","author":"Capek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.09.008","article-title":"Tick-borne bacteria and protozoa detected in ticks collected from domestic animals and wildlife in central and southern Portugal","volume":"9","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15336","article-title":"Host dispersal shapes the population structure of a tick-borne bacterial pathogen","volume":"29","author":"Norte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mtierov\u00e1, Z., Derd\u00e1kov\u00e1, M., Chvost\u00e1\u010d, M., Didyk, Y.M., Mangov\u00e1, B., Rus\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1 Tarage\u013eov\u00e1, V., Selyemov\u00e1, D., \u0160ujanov\u00e1, A., and V\u00e1clav, R. (2020). Local population structure and seasonal variability of Borrelia garinii genotypes in Ixodes ricinus ticks, Slovakia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103607"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02834.x","article-title":"Birds as reservoirs for Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in Western Europe: Circulation of B. turdi and other genospecies in bird-tick cycles in Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Norte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02298-3","article-title":"Host association of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato\u2013the key role of host complement","volume":"10","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"521","article-title":"An avian reservoir (Turdus merula) of the Lyme borreliosis spirochetes","volume":"287","author":"Humair","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zent. Fur Bakteriol. Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.1.189","article-title":"Efficient transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi between cofeeding Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"33","author":"Gern","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(96)10072-7","article-title":"Co-feeding ticks: Epidemiological significance for tick-borne pathogen transmission","volume":"12","author":"Randolph","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001636309","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in passerine birds from the Mazurian Lake region (Northeastern Poland)","volume":"33","author":"Gryczynska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04493-5","article-title":"Migratory birds as disseminators of ticks and the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus: A seasonal study at Ottenby Bird Observatory in South-eastern Sweden","volume":"13","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-128","article-title":"Birds as potential reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens: First evidence of bacteraemia with Rickettsia helvetica","volume":"7","author":"Hornok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.10.001","article-title":"Prevalence of infection with Rickettsia helvetica in Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on non-rickettsiemic rodent hosts in sylvatic habitats of west-central Poland","volume":"7","author":"Biernat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009017","article-title":"The relationship between spotted fever group Rickettsiae and ixodid ticks","volume":"40","author":"Socolovschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1032","article-title":"Synanthropic birds associated with high prevalence of tick-borne rickettsiae and with the first detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hungary","volume":"13","author":"Hornok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-006-9008-3","article-title":"Ticks parasitizing wild birds in Portugal: Detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii, R. helvetica and R. massiliae","volume":"39","author":"Sousa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"284","article-title":"Characterization of spotted fever group Rickettsiae in ticks from a city park of Rome, Italy","volume":"51","author":"Mancini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Dell\u2019istituto Super. Di Sanita"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1565-7","article-title":"Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks of migratory birds in Romania","volume":"9","author":"Mihalca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.07.002","article-title":"Rickettsia slovaca in immature Dermacentor marginatus and tissues from Apodemus spp. in the northern Apennines, Italy","volume":"4","author":"Martello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1729653","article-title":"A divergent Anaplasma phagocytophilum variant in an Ixodes tick from a migratory bird; Mediterranean basin","volume":"10","author":"Hoffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.111777","article-title":"Role of birds in dispersal of etiologic agents of tick-borne zoonoses, Spain, 2009","volume":"18","author":"Palomar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12141","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in American robins and gray catbirds: An assessment of reservoir competence and disease in captive wildlife","volume":"50","author":"Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.120919","article-title":"Reservoir competence of vertebrate hosts for Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"18","author":"Keesing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109539","article-title":"Animal reservoirs of zoonotic Babesia species: A global systematic review and meta-analysis of their prevalence, distribution and species diversity","volume":"298","author":"Karshima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.08.012","article-title":"Tick-borne pathogens and their reservoir hosts in northern Italy","volume":"9","author":"Rosso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04684-8","article-title":"Three Babesia species in Ixodes ricinus ticks from migratory birds in Sweden","volume":"14","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00031.x","article-title":"Ixodes frontalis and avian tick\u2014related syndrome in the United Kingdom","volume":"47","author":"Monks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0803","article-title":"Migratory and carnivorous birds in Brazil: Reservoirs for Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species?","volume":"12","author":"Machado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"100539","article-title":"Molecular and serological detection of arthropod-borne pathogens in carnivorous birds from Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Sacchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.05.006","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of three common Ixodes spp. ticks infesting songbirds of Western Europe: Ixodes arboricola, I. frontalis and I. ricinus","volume":"5","author":"Heylen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13685","article-title":"Bridging of cryptic Borrelia cycles in European songbirds","volume":"19","author":"Heylen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab047","article-title":"The contribution of wildlife hosts to the rise of ticks and tick-borne diseases in North America","volume":"58","author":"Tsao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A., Mihalca, A.D., and Petney, T.N. (2018). Ticks of Europe and North Africa: A guide to species identification, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63760-0"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Eid, C. (2007). Les Tiques: Identification, Biologie, Importance m\u00e9dicale Et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Lavoisier."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101609","article-title":"Humans infested with Ixodes ricinus are exposed to a diverse array of tick-borne pathogens in Serbia","volume":"12","author":"Galon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100270","article-title":"A One Health approach to study the circulation of tick-borne pathogens: A preliminary study","volume":"13","author":"Galon","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boularias, G., Azzag, N., Galon, C., \u0160imo, L., Boulouis, H.J., and Moutailler, S. (2021). High-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR for the detection of multiple microorganisms in Ixodid cattle ticks in northeast Algeria. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030362"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1627-x","article-title":"Novel Borrelia species detected in echidna ticks, Bothriocroton concolor, in Australia","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1111.041195","article-title":"Tickborne pathogen detection, western Siberia, Russia","volume":"11","author":"Rar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.5.1576-1589.1991","article-title":"Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes","volume":"173","author":"Regnery","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.03.007","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of Babesia, Theileria, and Hepatozoon species in hard ticks collected from Kagoshima, the southern region in Japan","volume":"8","author":"Masatani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26944-0","article-title":"Sequence typing reveals extensive strain diversity of the Lyme borreliosis agents Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii in Europe","volume":"150","author":"Bunikis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/8\/946\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:12:52Z","timestamp":1760141572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/8\/946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11080946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11080946","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]}}}