{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:06:57Z","timestamp":1760231217185,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Focus on Research and Development Plan","award":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Science and Technology Support Project","award":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory Plan of Jiangxi Province","award":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860371","20202BBGL73047","20202BABL206118","2011WBBG7001","20192BCD40006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We established a model that predicts the possibility of chronic schistosomiasis (CS) patients developing into advanced schistosomiasis (AS) patients using special biomarkers that were detected in human peripheral blood. Blood biomarkers from two cohorts (132 CS cases and 139 AS cases) were examined and data were collected and analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) for advanced schistosomiasis was established based on specific predictive diagnostic indicators and its accuracy was assessed using data of 109 CS. The results showed that seven indicators including HGB, MON, GLB, GGT, APTT, VIII, and Fbg match the model. The accuracy of the FDA was assessed by cross-validation, and 86.7% of the participants were correctly classified into AS and CS groups. Blood biomarker data from 109 CS patients were converted into the discriminant function to determine the possibility of occurrence of AS. The results demonstrated that the possibility of occurrence of AS and CS was 62.1% and 89.0%, respectively, and the accuracy of the established model was 81.4%. Evidence displayed that Fisher discriminant analysis is a reliable predictive model in the clinical field. It\u2019s an important guide to effectively control the occurrence of AS and lay a solid foundation for achieving the goal of schistosomiasis elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11091004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T01:51:57Z","timestamp":1662515517000},"page":"1004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predicting the Occurrence of Advanced Schistosomiasis Based on FISHER Discriminant Analysis of Hematological Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiqun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhulu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuying","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, September 10). Schistosomiasis. Updated 17 April 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2012). A Roadmap for Implementation: Accelerating Work to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases. WHO\/HTM\/NTD\/2012.1., World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/70809\/WHO_HTM_NTD_2012.1_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McManus, D.P., Gray, D.J., Ross, A.G., Williams, G.M., He, H.B., and Li, Y.S. (2011). Schistosomiasis research in the Dongting Lake region and its impact on local and national treatment and control in China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001053"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70099-2","article-title":"Schistosomiasis elimination: Lessons from the past guide the future","volume":"10","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"605","article-title":"Progress and challenges of schistosomiasis elimination in China","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-6","article-title":"Assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum infection in China","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.004","article-title":"Integrated Control Strategy of Schistosomiasis in The People\u2019s Republic of China: Projects Involving Agriculture, Water Conservancy, Forestry, Sanitation and Environmental Modification","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"551","article-title":"Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People\u2019s Republic of China in 2019","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"477","article-title":"Survey on newly-developed advanced schistosomiasis patients in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted areas","volume":"25","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wu, G.L. (2005). Human Parasitology, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House. [3rd ed.]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"616","article-title":"Study on economic and social burden caused by advanced schistosomiasis in Jurong City","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, T.W., Utzinger, J., Deng, Y., Yang, K., Li, Y.Y., Zhu, J.H., King, C.H., and Zhou, X.N. (2011). Quantifying quality of life and disability of patients with advanced schistosomiasis japonica. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000966"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"205","article-title":"Evaluation indices of social burden caused by advanced schistosomiasis","volume":"26","author":"Deng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087","article-title":"Immunology of human schistosomiasis","volume":"36","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"361","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of liver fibrosis","volume":"120","author":"Brenner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1042\/CBI20100321","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cell (vitamin A-storing cell) and its relative\u2014Past, present and future","volume":"34","author":"Senoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.07002.x","article-title":"What\u2019s new in liver fibrosis? The origin of myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Iwaisako","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"65","article-title":"Correlation between level of liver fibrosis and liver fibrosis biochemical parameters of advanced schistosomiasis patients","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.01.042","article-title":"Hemostasis and thrombosis in patients with liver disease: The ups and downs","volume":"53","author":"Lisman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Level of plasma D-dimer in advanced schistosomiasis patients","volume":"29","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Zoonuses"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100014","article-title":"Immunopathology of schistosomiasis","volume":"85","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Jin, X., Chen, X., Zhu, J., Xu, Z., Wang, X., Liu, F., Hu, W., Zhou, L., and Su, C. (2015). Heat Shock Protein 60 in Eggs Specifically Induces Tregs and Reduces Liver Immunopathology in Mice with Schistosomiasis Japonica. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139133"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"362","article-title":"Evaluation on effect of treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2013","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"232","article-title":"Relationship between family functionalities and health state of advanced schistosomiasis patients","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"456","article-title":"HBV exposure and HBsAg positivity rates in schistosomiasis japonica: Study in a Philippine community endemic for both infections","volume":"14","author":"Domingo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4163-7","article-title":"Abnormal liver function in different patients with Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"114","author":"Ning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leite, L.A.C., Pimenta Filho, A.A., Fonseca, C.S.M.D., Santos, B.S.D., Ferreira, R.D.C.D.S., Montenegro, S.M.L., Lopes, E.P., Domingues, A.L.C., Owen, J.S., and Lima, V.L.D.M. (2013). Hemostatic dysfunction is increased in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni and advanced periportal fibrosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002314"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(03)00051-5","article-title":"Haemostatic abnormalities in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"52","author":"Tanabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-199803000-00011","article-title":"The coagulation profile in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"Hussein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.12.990","article-title":"Hyperfibrinolysis in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis","volume":"49","author":"Akl","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"748","article-title":"Study of plasma D-dimer levels in patients with different degrees and types of schistosomiasis japonica","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhaongguo Bin Yuan Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90166-3","article-title":"Role of clotting factor VIII in effect of von Willebrand factor on occurrence of deep-vein thrombosis","volume":"345","author":"Koster","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1159\/000331048","article-title":"Impact of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor plasma levels on cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis: Are they independent risk factors?","volume":"66","author":"Shahsavarzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008173430702","article-title":"High plasma levels of factor VIII and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism","volume":"343","author":"Kyrle","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, the People\u2019s Republic of China (2006, April 07). Diagnostic Criteria for Schistosomiasis (WS 261-2006), Available online: http:\/\/cspd.ipd.org.cn\/kucom.cn\/kindeditor\/attached\/file\/20191111\/8%20%E8%A1%80%E5%90%B8%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%EF%BC%88WS%20261-2006%EF%BC%89.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agbota, G., Polman, K., Wieringa, F.T., Campos-Ponce, M., Accrombessi, M., Yovo, E., Roucher, C., Ezinm\u00e8gnon, S., Marcos, J.Y., and Vachot, L. (2019). Maternal malaria but not schistosomiasis is associated with a higher risk of febrile infection in infant during the first 3 months of life: A mother-child cohort in Benin. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222864"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Theodoridis, S., and Koutroumbas, K. (2008). Pattern Recognition, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.09.023","article-title":"Fisher discriminant analysis for classification of autism spectrum disorders based on folate-related metabolism markers","volume":"64","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/9\/1004\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:22:47Z","timestamp":1760142167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/9\/1004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11091004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11091004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]}}}