{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:45:30Z","timestamp":1790088330543,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a vector-borne disease that affects canids and felids, both domestic and wild, throughout the world. It is a chronic disease which causes vascular damage in pulmonary arteries, and in advanced stages, the presence of pulmonary hypertension and right-sided congestive heart failure can be evidenced. Moreover, pulmonary thromboembolism is caused by the death of the worms, which can be lethal for the infected animal. Furthermore, it is the causative agent of human pulmonary dirofilariosis, being a zoonotic disease. The aim of this review was to update the current epidemiological situation of heartworm in Europe in dogs, cats, wild animals, and vectors insects, and to analyse the factors that may have contributed to the continuous spread of the disease in the last decade (2012\u20132021). In Europe, the disease has extended to eastern countries, being currently endemic in countries where previously only isolated or imported cases were reported. Furthermore, its prevalence has continued to increase in southern countries, traditionally endemic. This distribution trends and changes are influenced by several factors which are discussed in this review, such as the climate changes, presence of vectors in new areas, the appearance of new competent vector species in the continent, increased movement of pets that travelled to or originated from endemic countries, the urbanisation of rural areas leading to the formation of so-called \u201cheat islands\u201d, or the creation of extensive areas of irrigated crops. The continuous expansion of D. immitis must be monitored, and measures adapted to the situation of each country must be carried out for adequate control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11091042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["What Has Happened to Heartworm Disease in Europe in the Last 10 Years?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2699-1482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Morch\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2683-7592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Montoya-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Arucas, Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6009-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Escolar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6509-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Carret\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Arucas, Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-12","article-title":"Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic","volume":"25","author":"Mellado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"196","article-title":"Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe\u2014New Distribution Trends","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0506-6","article-title":"First epidemiological report of feline heartworm infection in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain)","volume":"7","author":"Armario","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108995","article-title":"The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in the Old World","volume":"280","author":"Genchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Society of Dirofilariosis and Angiostrongylosis (2022, August 01). Guidelines, Available online: http:\/\/www.esda.vet\/index.php\/guidelines."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"American Heartworm Society (2022, August 01). Heartworm Guidelines, Available online: https:\/\/www.heartwormsociety.org\/veterinary-resources\/american-heartworm-society-guidelines."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00571","article-title":"Seroepidemiological Study of Canine and Human Dirofilariasis in the Endemic Region of Northern Serbia","volume":"7","author":"Stosic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109098","article-title":"Prevalence of canine and human dirofilariosis in Puebla, Mexico","volume":"282","author":"Zumaquero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-16","article-title":"Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe","volume":"6","author":"Otranto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-62","article-title":"Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma spp. and Leishmania infantum in apparently healthy and CVBD-suspect dogs in Portugal\u2014A national serological study","volume":"5","author":"Cardoso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0771-z","article-title":"Serological investigation of Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum in dogs from southern Portugal","volume":"8","author":"Maia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.08.014","article-title":"Prevalence and seasonal variations of canine dirofilariosis in Portugal","volume":"206","author":"Alho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014003","article-title":"Prevalence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs of central Portugal","volume":"21","author":"Vieira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.027","article-title":"Detection of Wolbachia in Dirofilaria infected dogs in Portugal","volume":"204","author":"Landum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2180-y","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Dirofilaria spp. circulating in Portugal","volume":"10","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564429","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.564429","article-title":"Current Distribution of Selected Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs in Spain","volume":"7","author":"Matos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya-Alonso, J.A., Morch\u00f3n, R., Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, S.N., Falc\u00f3n-Cord\u00f3n, Y., Costa-Rodr\u00edguez, N., Matos, J.I., Rodr\u00edguez Escolar, I., and Carret\u00f3n, E. (2022). Expansion of Canine Heartworm in Spain. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12101268"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.12.005","article-title":"The impact of the climate on the epidemiology of Dirofilaria immitis in the pet population of the Canary Islands","volume":"216","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04172-5","article-title":"Serological evaluation of selected vector-borne pathogens in owned dogs from northern Spain based on a multicenter study using a commercial test","volume":"13","author":"Roura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784331","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.784331","article-title":"Serological Survey of Canine Vector-Borne Infections in North-Center Spain","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.06.025","article-title":"Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Barcelona: Validation of a geospatial prediction model","volume":"212","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2299-x","article-title":"Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"30","article-title":"Prevalencia de la dirofilariosis cardiopulmonar canina","volume":"126","author":"Mellado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Argos"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X17000591","article-title":"Current status of canine dirofilariosis in an endemic area of western Spain","volume":"92","author":"Diosdado","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Piccinini, G., and Carreri, L. (2020, January April). An Epidemiologic Assessment of Canine Heartworm in Northern Italy. Proceedings of the 13th Trienial State of the Heartworm Symposium, Memphis, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.034","article-title":"Autochthonous foci of canine and feline infections by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in central Italy","volume":"169","author":"Traversa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2008.248","article-title":"GIS modeling for canine dirofilariosis risk assessment in central Italy","volume":"2","author":"Mortarino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"79","article-title":"Canine filariosis in Umbria: An update of the occurrence one year after the first observation of autochthonous foci","volume":"45","author":"Fioretti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombo, M., Morelli, S., Simonato, G., Di Cesare, A., Veronesi, F., Frangipane di Regalbono, A., Grassi, L., Russi, I., Tiscar, P.G., and Morganti, G. (2021). Exposure to Major Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs Subjected to Different Preventative Regimens in Endemic Areas of Italy. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050507"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15000012","article-title":"Canine filarial infections in Liguria, north-west Italy","volume":"90","author":"Magi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1639-6","article-title":"Exposure to vector-borne pathogens in candidate blood donor and free-roaming dogs of northeast Italy","volume":"9","author":"Vascellari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018001","article-title":"Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria spp. and other endoparasite infections in kennel dogs in central Italy","volume":"25","author":"Sauda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"100404","article-title":"Canine filarial infections in an area of Central Italy (Tuscany-Latium border) historically free from the disease","volume":"20","author":"Macchioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3206-1","article-title":"Evidences of increasing risk of dirofilarioses in southern Italy","volume":"112","author":"Giangaspero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Prete, L., Maurelli, M.P., Pennacchio, S., Bosco, A., Musella, V., Ciuca, L., Cringoli, G., and Rinaldi, L. (2015). Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum: The contemporaneous detection in kennels. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0619-y"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petruccelli, A., Ferrara, G., Iovane, G., Schettini, R., Ciarcia, R., Caputo, V., Pompameo, M., Pagnini, U., and Montagnaro, S. (2020). Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia spp.; Anaplasma spp.; Borreliaburgdorferi sensu lato, and Dirofilaria immitis in Stray Dogs, from 2016 to 2019, in Southern Italy. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010009"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morelli, S., Gori, F., Colombo, M., Traversa, D., Sarrocco, G., Simonato, G., Nespeca, C., Di Cesare, A., Frangipane di Regalbono, A., and Veronesi, F. (2021). Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091200"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00270","article-title":"Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in Two Roaming Dogs From the Urban Area of Castel Volturno, Southern Italy","volume":"6","author":"Santoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3794-z","article-title":"New insights onto cardiopulmonary nematodes of dogs in Sardinia, Italy","volume":"113","author":"Pipia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14089","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis infection in the Pelagie archipelago: The southernmost hyperendemic focus in Europe","volume":"69","author":"Brianti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04063-9","article-title":"Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis infections in Italy, 2009\u20132019: Changing distribution patterns","volume":"13","author":"Benelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019073","article-title":"A cardiac and subcutaneous canine dirofilariosis outbreak in a kennel in central France","volume":"26","author":"Laidoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laidoudi, Y., Marie, J.L., Tahir, D., Watier-Grillot, S., Mediannikov, O., and Davoust, B. (2020). Detection of Canine Vector-Borne Filariasis and Their Wolbachia Endosymbionts in French Guiana. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050770"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laidoudi, Y., Otranto, D., Stolowy, N., Amrane, S., Santhakumari Manoj, R.R., Polette, L., Watier-Grillot, S., Mediannikov, O., Davoust, B., and L\u2019Ollivier, C. (2021). Human and Animal Dirofilariasis in Southeast of France. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071544"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.01.002","article-title":"Molecular survey of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens by new real-time TaqMan\u00ae PCR assay in dogs and mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Corsica (France)","volume":"235","author":"Tahir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1501-2","article-title":"Occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne infections caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Ehrlichia canis in domestic dogs in France: Results of a countrywide serologic survey","volume":"105","author":"Pantchev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuehrer, H.P., Morelli, S., Unterk\u00f6fler, M.S., Bajer, A., Bakran-Lebl, K., Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek, D., Farkas, R., Grandi, G., Heddergott, M., and Jokelainen, P. (2021). Dirofilaria spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum: Current Risk of Spreading in Central and Northern Europe. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101268"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuehrer, H.P., Auer, H., Leschnik, M., Silbermayr, K., Duscher, G., and Joachim, A. (2016). Dirofilaria in Humans, Dogs, and Vectors in Austria (1978\u20132014)-From Imported Pathogens to the Endemicity of Dirofilaria repens. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004547"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06576-4","article-title":"Current trends in canine dirofilariosis in Austria-do we face a pre-endemic status?","volume":"119","author":"Sonnberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonnberger, K., Fuehrer, H.P., Sonnberger, B.W., and Leschnik, M. (2021). The Incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in Shelter Dogs and Mosquitoes in Austria. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050550"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5499-6","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of Canine Vector-borne Diseases (CVBD) in Germany with Emphasis on the Endemicity and Risk Factors of Leishmaniosis","volume":"116","author":"Vrhovec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.012","article-title":"Vector-borne pathogens in dogs and red foxes from the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany","volume":"224","author":"Liesner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"100015","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of vector-borne infections in dogs after travelling to endemic areas (2007\u20132018)","volume":"276S","author":"Volkmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109156","article-title":"Clinical and diagnostic imaging findings in 37 rescued dogs with heartworm disease in Germany","volume":"283","author":"Maerz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3970-1","article-title":"Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis DNA findings in mosquitoes in Germany: Temperature data allow autochthonous extrinsic development","volume":"113","author":"Sassnau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-206","article-title":"Canine heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in Western Europe: Survey of veterinary awareness and perceptions","volume":"7","author":"Genchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"251","article-title":"Case study: Canine heartworm disease diagnosed in Ireland","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Ireland J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2013.08.003","article-title":"Prevalence of borreliosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs and vectors in Voronezh Reserve (Russia)","volume":"36","author":"Volgina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685713","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/685713","article-title":"Canine and human dirofilariosis in the rostov region (southern Russia)","volume":"2011","author":"Kartashev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"685","article-title":"First autochthonous case of Dirofilaria immitis invasion in dog in Poland","volume":"87","author":"Demiaszkiewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"\u017dycie Weterynaryjne"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3985-7","article-title":"Serological detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Ehrlichia canis antibodies and Dirofilaria immitis antigen in a countrywide survey in dogs in Poland","volume":"113","author":"Schaper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.08.005","article-title":"Vector-borne pathogens in ticks and EDTA-blood samples collected from client-owned dogs, Kiev, Ukraine","volume":"4","author":"Hamel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04891-3","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of Dirofilaria spp. and Acanthocheilonema spp. in dogs from the Republic of Moldova","volume":"14","author":"Dumitrache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.07.012","article-title":"Vector-borne parasitic infections in dogs in the Baltic and Nordic countries: A questionnaire study to veterinarians on canine babesiosis and infections with Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens","volume":"244","author":"Jokelainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2018-0036","article-title":"First Report of Heartworm (Dirofilaria Immitis) Infection in an Imported Dog in Lithuania","volume":"56","author":"Radzijevskaja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1990","article-title":"Prevalence and Geographic Distribution of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Apparently Healthy Dogs in Croatia","volume":"17","author":"Mrljak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6129-7","article-title":"Seroprevalence of vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Croatia","volume":"118","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0949","article-title":"Canine Dirofilaria infections in two uninvestigated areas of Serbia: Epidemiological and genetic aspects","volume":"12","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.08.005","article-title":"An appraisal of canine and human cases reveals an endemic status of dirofilariosis in parts of Serbia","volume":"31","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcic, D., Potkonjak, A., Zekic Stosic, M., Spasojevic-Kosic, L., Pusic, I., and Savic, S. (2020). Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Dogs from Shelters in Vojvodina, Serbia. Acta Sci. Vet., 48.","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.106140"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2298\/VETGL201124016P","article-title":"Consensus statement on epidemiological situation and expected frequency of canine vector-borne diseases in Serbia","volume":"74","author":"Potkonjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinarski Glasnik"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ota\u0161evi\u0107, S., Savi\u0107, S., and Jurhar-Pavlova, M. (2022). Molecular Survey of Dirofilaria and Leishmania Species in Dogs from Central Balkan. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070911"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06894-y","article-title":"First serological evidence of infections with selected vector-borne pathogens in dogs in Kosovo","volume":"119","author":"Sinani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101870","article-title":"Distribution of ticks in Bosnia and Herzegovina","volume":"13","author":"Kapo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0915","article-title":"Seroprevalence and geographic distribution of Dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne infections (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Ehrlichia canis) in dogs from Romania","volume":"12","author":"Mircean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4263-4","article-title":"Current surveys on the prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria spp. and Acanthocheilonema reconditum infections in dogs in Romania","volume":"114","author":"Matei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giubega, S., Imre, M., Ilie, M.S., Imre, K., Luca, I., Florea, T., D\u0103r\u0103bu\u0219, G., and Morariu, S. (2021). Identity of Microfilariae Circulating in Dogs from Western and South-Western Romania in the Last Decade. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111400"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-00540-4","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA and antibodies against Anaplasma spp.; Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Ehrlichia canis in a dog kennel in South-Central Romania","volume":"62","author":"Cazan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"499","article-title":"Geographic distribution of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray dogs of eastern Romania","volume":"11","author":"Musella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.032","article-title":"Heat treatment of serum samples from stray dogs naturally exposed to Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in Romania","volume":"225","author":"Genchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2020-0016","article-title":"Preliminary Study on the Prevalence of Endoparasite Infections and Vector-borne Diseases in Outdoor Dogs in Bulgaria","volume":"57","author":"Iliev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"100441","article-title":"Serological survey of vector-borne pathogens in stray dogs from Sofia area, Bulgaria","volume":"21","author":"Manev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2020-0026","article-title":"Dirofilaria Immitis in Bulgaria: The First Genetic Baseline Data and an Overview of the Current Status","volume":"57","author":"Dakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"57","article-title":"Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Bulgaria","volume":"5","author":"Rafailov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trad. Modern. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.15547\/tjs.2021.03.006","article-title":"Seroprevalence of some vector-borne diseases in dogs from Plovdiv, Bulgaria","volume":"19","author":"Arnaudov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trakia J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4518-8","article-title":"Current Surveys of the Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Leishmania infantum, Babesia canis, Angiostrongylus vasorum and Dirofilaria immitis in Dogs in Bulgaria","volume":"114","author":"Pantchev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"389","article-title":"Retrospective analysis on helminthic and protozoan infections in dogs and cats in Bulgaria","volume":"20","author":"Iliev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.872","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and Dirofilaria spp. in stray dogs from some regions in Bulgaria","volume":"19","author":"Radev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2019-0033","article-title":"Stray Dogs of Sofia (Bulgaria) Could be an Important Reservoir of Heartworm (Dirofilaria Immitis)","volume":"56","author":"Stoyanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.918","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis infection in carnivores from Bulgaria: 2012\u20132013 update","volume":"19","author":"Mirchev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bulgarian J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"35","article-title":"Police dogs from Albania as indicators of exposure risk to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and vector-borne pathogens of zoonotic and veterinary concern","volume":"1","author":"Rehbein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4765-8","article-title":"Parasites and vector-borne pathogens in client-owned dogs in Albania. Blood pathogens and seroprevalences of parasitic and other infectious agents","volume":"115","author":"Hamel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1797-6","article-title":"Dirofilaria infections in dogs in different areas of Greece","volume":"9","author":"Diakou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6135-9","article-title":"Canine and feline dirofilariosis in a highly enzootic area: First report of feline dirofilariosis in Greece","volume":"118","author":"Diakou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2471","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Serosurvey and Factors Associated with Exposure of Dogs to Vector-Borne Pathogens in Greece","volume":"19","author":"Athanasiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3543-3","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for selected canine vector-borne diseases in Greece","volume":"1","author":"Angelou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2128","article-title":"Vector-Borne Pathogens in Stray Dogs in Northeastern Turkey","volume":"17","author":"Guven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"445","article-title":"Serological and Molecular Detection of Dirofilaria Species in Stray Dogs and Investigation of Wolbachia DNA by PCR in Turkey","volume":"10","author":"Simsek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arthropod. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"503","article-title":"Serological screening of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in Turkey","volume":"125","year":"2012","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.02.021","article-title":"Serological and molecular investigation of Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. in ticks and blood of dogs, in the Thrace Region of Turkey","volume":"7","author":"Matur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.102","article-title":"Spatial distribution of vector borne disease agents in dogs in Aegean region, Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Ural","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"100330","article-title":"Filarial infections in dogs in Cyprus, an apparently heartworm free island","volume":"18","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attipa, C., Solano-Gallego, L., Leutenegger, C.M., Papasouliotis, K., Soutter, F., Balzer, J., Carver, S., Buch, J.S., and Tasker, S. (2019). Associations between clinical canine leishmaniosis and multiple vector-borne co-infections: A case-control serological study. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2083-6"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06995-8","article-title":"Different epidemiological pattern of canine dirofilariosis in two neighboring countries in Central Europe-the Czech Republic and Slovakia","volume":"120","author":"Martina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"57","article-title":"Canine dirofilariosis under specific environmental conditions of the Eastern Slovak Lowland","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.022","article-title":"Molecular detection of co-infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and\/or Babesia canis canis in Dirofilaria-positive dogs from Slovakia","volume":"203","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"749","article-title":"Recent study on canine vector-borne zoonoses in southern Slovakia\u2014Serologic survey","volume":"60","author":"Pantchev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5912-9","article-title":"Heartworm on the rise-new insights into Dirofilaria immitis epidemiology","volume":"117","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"154","article-title":"The Fatal Case of an Autochthonous Heartworm Disease in a Dog from a Non-endemic Region of South-eastern Slovakia","volume":"57","author":"Bielik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2478\/s11687-009-0030-y","article-title":"First autochthonous Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) infection in a dog in Hungary","volume":"46","author":"Majoros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1469","article-title":"Seroprevalence of some vector-borne infections of dogs in Hungary","volume":"14","author":"Farkas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06478-5","article-title":"The current situation of canine dirofilariosis in Hungary","volume":"119","author":"Farkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.04.004","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis: An emerging parasite in dogs, red foxes and golden jackals in Hungary","volume":"203","author":"Tolnai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.03.001","article-title":"Retrospective study on the distribution of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Hungary","volume":"220","author":"Bacsadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2016.032","article-title":"Impacts of urbanisation level and distance from potential natural mosquito breeding habitats on the abundance of canine dirofilariosis","volume":"64","author":"Rengei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109067","article-title":"Rapid spread and emergence of heartworm resulting from climate and climate-driven ecological changes in Hungary","volume":"280","author":"Bacsadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willi, B., Spiri, A.M., Meli, M.L., Grimm, F., Beatrice, L., Riond, B., Bley, T., Jordi, R., Dennler, M., and Hofmann-Lehmann, R. (2015). Clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from Hungary to Switzerland. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0471-0"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900371","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.900371","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat","volume":"9","author":"Matos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"100541","article-title":"Prevalence of microfilariae, antigen and antibodies of feline dirofilariosis infection (Dirofilaria immitis) in the Zaragoza metropolitan area, Spain","volume":"23","author":"Giner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.08.003","article-title":"Specific IgG antibody response against antigens of Dirofilaria immitis and its Wolbachia endosymbiont bacterium in cats with natural and experimental infections","volume":"125","author":"Ferreira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"4","article-title":"Cituaci\u00f3n actual de la dirofilariosis feline","volume":"21","author":"Lambea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Argos"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.11.006","article-title":"Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies to Leishmania infantum in cats from southern Portugal","volume":"64","author":"Maia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3988-4","article-title":"Survey of Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies to Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in cats from Madeira Island, Portugal","volume":"13","author":"Neves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.13.415","article-title":"Seroprevalence of feline heartworm disease in Tuscany","volume":"150","author":"Magi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.005","article-title":"Feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection: A statistical elaboration of the duration of the infection and life expectancy in asymptomatic cats","volume":"158","author":"Genchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14025","article-title":"Incidence of Dirofilaria immitis and Leishmania infantum infections in sheltered dogs from Southern Italy","volume":"69","author":"Panarese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transb. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13492740","article-title":"Epidural dirofilariosis in a paraparetic cat: Case report of Dirofilaria immitis infection","volume":"15","author":"Favole","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fel. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2016.08.004","article-title":"Pulmonary artery dissection causing haemothorax in a cat: Potential role of Dirofilaria immitis infection and literature review","volume":"19","author":"Biasato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04628-2","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of vector-borne pathogens in cats living in Germany (2012\u20132020)","volume":"14","author":"Kohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulmer, L.M., Unterk\u00f6fler, M.S., Fuehrer, H.P., Janovska, V., Pagac, M., Svoboda, M., Venco, L., and Leschnik, M. (2021). First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091104"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2021-0005","article-title":"Clinical Case of Life-threatening Co-infection Due to Dirofilaria Immitis and Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus in a Cat: First Report of Feline Heartworm Disease in Bulgaria","volume":"58","author":"Tonev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2020-0009","article-title":"First Report on Clinical Feline Heartworm (Dirofilaria Immitis) Infection in Romania","volume":"57","author":"Mitrea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5769-y","article-title":"First report of a naturally patent infection with Dirofilaria immitis in an otter (Lutra lutra)","volume":"117","author":"Moriano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.101409","article-title":"Molecular survey of Dirofilaria species in stray dogs, red foxes and golden jackals from Vojvodina, Serbia","volume":"68","author":"Potkonjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"175","article-title":"Case Report of dirofilariasis in grey wolf in Serbia","volume":"60","author":"Becskei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2019.007","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Serbia","volume":"67","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Vet."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3991-9","article-title":"First findings and prevalence of adult heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) in wild carnivores from Serbia","volume":"113","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-09-234","article-title":"Molecular investigation of vector-borne pathogens in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from southern France","volume":"56","author":"Medkour","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2073-0","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in pinnipeds and a new host record","volume":"10","author":"Alho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1524-3","article-title":"Role of golden jackals (Canis aureus) as natural reservoirs of Dirofilaria spp. in Romania","volume":"9","author":"Matei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2055-2","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens show circadian co-periodicity in naturally co-infected dogs","volume":"10","author":"Matei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"35","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in sylvatic reservoirs of Krasnodar Krai (Russian Federation)","volume":"6","author":"Kravchenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04353-2","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in wolves recolonizing northern Italy: Are wolves competent hosts?","volume":"13","author":"Moroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"38","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in foxes (Vulpes Vulpes, LINNAEUS, 1758) in different areas from Bulgaria","volume":"3","author":"Mirchev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Sci. Online J. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0760-2","article-title":"First molecular identification of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in continental Portugal","volume":"8","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12179","article-title":"Molecular detection of Wolbachia pipientis in natural populations of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis from continental Portugal: First detection in Culex theileri","volume":"30","author":"Mendes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12524","article-title":"Molecular detection of zoonotic filarioids in Culex spp. from Portugal","volume":"35","author":"Manoj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"1752","article-title":"Filarial worm circulation by mosquitoes along an urbanization gradient in southern Spain","volume":"66","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.04.030","article-title":"Culex pipiens as a potential vector for transmission of Dirofilaria immitis and other unclassified Filarioidea in Southwest Spain","volume":"223","author":"Parreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-60","article-title":"Risk of canine and human exposure to Dirofilaria immitis infected mosquitoes in endemic areas of Italy","volume":"6","author":"Capelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.04.002","article-title":"Hyperendemic Dirofilaria immitis infection in a sheltered dog population: An expanding threat in the Mediterranean region","volume":"50","author":"Panarese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0800-y","article-title":"Development of Dirofilaria immitis within the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus, a new invasive species for Europe","volume":"8","author":"Montarsi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1010-3","article-title":"First report of the invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus in the Swiss-Italian border region","volume":"8","author":"Suter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04931-y","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from Corsica Island, France","volume":"14","author":"Younes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-30","article-title":"Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Setaria tundra in mosquitoes from Germany","volume":"7","author":"Kronefeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0637-4","article-title":"Screening blood-fed mosquitoes for the diagnosis of filarioid helminths and avian malaria","volume":"8","author":"Zittra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6066-5","article-title":"Filarial nematode (order, Spirurida) surveillance in urban habitats, in the city of P\u00e9cs (Hungary)","volume":"117","author":"Kurucz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2980-8","article-title":"Circulation of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania","volume":"11","author":"Tomazatos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5118-y","article-title":"Detection of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis DNA in mosquitoes from Belarus","volume":"115","author":"Volkova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4692-8","article-title":"Potential mosquito (Diptera:Culicidae) vector of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in urban areas of Eastern Slovakia","volume":"114","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2845-1","article-title":"Urbanization impact on mosquito community and the transmission potential of filarial infection in central Europe","volume":"11","author":"Rudolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5126-y","article-title":"First molecular identification of Dirofilaria spp. (Onchocercidae) in mosquitoes from Serbia","volume":"115","author":"Kurucz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019002","article-title":"Dirofilaria and Wolbachia in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast","volume":"26","author":"Shaikevich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"8","article-title":"Infection of blood-sucking mosquitoes (diptera: Culicidae) with dirofilariae (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) in the tula regi\u00f3n","volume":"2","author":"Bogacheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Parazitol."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"1064","article-title":"Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens implicated as natural vectors of Dirofilaria repens in central Italy","volume":"44","author":"Cancrini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.016","article-title":"How will global climate change affect parasite-host assemblages?","volume":"23","author":"Brooks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.012","article-title":"Changing climate and changing vector-borne disease distribution: The example of Dirofilaria in Europe","volume":"176","author":"Genchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2434-8","article-title":"Subcutaneous dirofilariosis (Dirofilaria repens): An infection spreading throughout the old world","volume":"10","author":"Genchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"9","article-title":"Disease mapping and risk assessment in veterinary parasitology: Some case studies","volume":"47","author":"Cringoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2006.279","article-title":"New insights into the application of geographical information systems and remote sensing in veterinary parasitology","volume":"1","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201100148X","article-title":"Predicting the distribution of canine leishmaniasis in western Europe based on environmental variables","volume":"138","author":"Franco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petri\u0107, M., Ducheyne, E., Gossner, C.M., Marsboom, C., Nicolas, G., Venail, R., Hendrickx, G., and Schaffner, F. (2021). Seasonality and timing of peak abundance of Aedes albopictus in Europe: Implications to public and animal health. Geospat. Health, 16.","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2021.996"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00529-5","article-title":"A prevalence survey and risk analysis of filariosis in dogs from the Mt. Vesuvius area of southern Italy","volume":"102","author":"Cringoli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.010","article-title":"Geographical information systems as a tool in the control of heartworm infections in dogs and cats","volume":"176","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.009","article-title":"Is heartworm disease really spreading in Europe?","volume":"133","author":"Genchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.026","article-title":"Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe","volume":"163","author":"Genchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.12.027","article-title":"Geo-environmental model for the prediction of potential transmission risk of Dirofilaria in an area with dry climate and extensive irrigated crops. The case of Spain","volume":"200","author":"Afonin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/9\/1042\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:30:42Z","timestamp":1760142642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/9\/1042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11091042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11091042","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]}}}