{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:41:34Z","timestamp":1792806094474,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Newton-Ungku Omar Fund","award":["332192305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["332192305"]}]},{"name":"Newton-Ungku Omar Fund","award":["MO002-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO002-2019"]}]},{"name":"Newton-Ungku Omar Fund","award":["122031100263-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122031100263-1"]}]},{"name":"UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)","award":["332192305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["332192305"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019ya6433","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)","award":["MO002-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO002-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019ya6433","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)","award":["122031100263-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122031100263-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019ya6433","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["332192305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["332192305"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mcs2t73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["MO002-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO002-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mcs2t73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["122031100263-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122031100263-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mcs2t73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Council for At-Risk Academics (Cara)","award":["332192305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["332192305"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04fgrzc24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Council for At-Risk Academics (Cara)","award":["MO002-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO002-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04fgrzc24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Council for At-Risk Academics (Cara)","award":["122031100263-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122031100263-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04fgrzc24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["332192305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["332192305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MO002-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO002-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122031100263-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122031100263-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chigger mites are vectors of the bacterial disease scrub typhus, caused by Orientia spp. The bacterium is vertically transmitted in the vector and horizontally transmitted to terrestrial vertebrates (primarily wild small mammals), with humans as incidental hosts. Previous studies have shown that the size of the chigger populations is correlated with the density of small mammals in scrub typhus-endemic regions. Here, we explore interactions between the small mammals and chiggers in two oil palm plantations located in the Perak and Johor states of Peninsular Malaysia. The location in Perak also contained an aboriginal (Orang Asli) settlement. A ~5% sub-sample from 40,736 chigger specimens was identified from five species of small mammals (n = 217), revealing 14 chigger species, including two new records for Malaysia. The abundance and species richness of chiggers were significantly affected by habitat type (highest in forest border), state (highest in Perak), and season (highest in dry). The overall prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi DNA in small-mammal tissues was 11.7% and was not significantly affected by host or habitat characteristics, but in Johor, was positively associated with infestation by Leptotrombidium arenicola. These findings highlight the risk of contracting scrub typhus in oil palm plantations and associated human settlements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T03:34:17Z","timestamp":1664163257000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Habitat and Season Drive Chigger Mite Diversity and Abundance on Small Mammals in Peninsular Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hadil","family":"Alkathiry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Rofaai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7178-6122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubaidah","family":"Ya\u2019cob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamsin S.","family":"Cutmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Nurul Izzah","family":"Mohd-Azami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Aini","family":"Husin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang Shiang","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirikamon","family":"Koosakulnirand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Hidayana","family":"Mahfodz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Nabilah","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7511-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih Keng","family":"Loong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7548-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr","family":"Stekolnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9488-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah Shafawati","family":"Mohd-Taib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9267-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sazaly","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6100-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Makepeace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6795-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kittipong","family":"Chaisiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1285-6052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing Jing","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4967.1.1","article-title":"Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758\u20132021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution","volume":"4967","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Trombioulid mites infesting birds, reptiles, and arthropods in Malaya, with a taxonomic revision, and descriptions of a new genus, two new subgenera, and six new species","volume":"28","author":"Audy","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bull. 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