{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:44Z","timestamp":1787029244178,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA NIFA)","award":["2018-67016-28312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-67016-28312"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beta glucan exposure induced trained immunity in channel catfish that conferred long-term protection against Edwardsiella ictaluri and Edwardsiella piscicida infections one month post exposure. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that isolated macrophages and neutrophils phagocytosed higher amounts of E. ictaluri and E. piscicida. Beta glucan induced changes in the distribution of histone modifications in the monomethylation and trimethylation of H3K4 and modifications in the acetylation and trimethylation of H3K27. KEGG pathway analyses revealed that these modifications affected expressions of genes controlling phagocytosis, phagosome functions and enhanced immune cell signaling. These analyses correlate the histone modifications with gene functions and to the observed enhanced phagocytosis and to the increased survival following bacterial challenge in channel catfish. These data suggest the chromatin reconfiguration that directs trained immunity as demonstrated in mammals also occurs in channel catfish. Understanding the mechanisms underlying trained immunity can help us design prophylactic and non-antibiotic based therapies and develop broad-based vaccines to limit bacterial disease outbreaks in catfish production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"1140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Trained Immunity Provides Long-Term Protection against Bacterial Infections in Channel Catfish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lora","family":"Petrie-Hanson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann E. (Beth)","family":"Peterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hohn, C., and Petrie-Hanson, L. (2012). Rag1\u2212\/\u2212 mutant zebrafish demonstrate specific protection following bacterial re-exposure. 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