{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:19:02Z","timestamp":1790306342171,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A1A01048499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A1A01048499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M3A9H5096103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3A9H5096103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The circumsporozoite surface protein of Plasmodium vivax (PvCSP) plays a critical role in parasite biology. It has been extensively studied as a leading vivax-malaria-vaccine candidate. In this study, the genetic polymorphism and natural selection of pvcsp in P. vivax isolates collected from the Central Highlands, Vietnam were analyzed to understand the genetic structure of the parasite circulating in the endemic area and to provide baseline information for effective vaccine development based on the protein. Only two major alleles, VK210 and VK247, were detected in Vietnamese pvcsp, with VK247 being the predominant one. The N-terminal and C-terminal regions of Vietnamese VK210 and VK247 variants showed a low genetic diversity. Amino acid substitutions, insertions of a single amino acid or octapeptide (ANKKAEDA in VK210 and ANKKAGDA in VK247), and tetrapeptide repeat motifs (GGNA) were the main factors generating genetic diversity in the two regions of the Vietnamese VK210 and VK247 variants. Interestingly, these two regions of Vietnamese pvcsp displayed a unique natural selection pressure distinct from global pvcsp, particularly with the neighboring Southeast Asian pvcsp population. Meanwhile, the central repeat region (CRR) in both the VK210 and VK247 variants showed a high degree of polymorphic characters, caused by varying numbers, types, and combinations of peptide repeat motifs (PRMs) in Vietnamese pvcsp. Highly complicated polymorphic patterns of the CRR were also detected in global pvcsp. These results expand our understanding of the genetic structure of Vietnamese pvcsp and the population dynamics of P. vivax in the Central Highlands, Vietnam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Circumsporozoite Surface Protein of Plasmodium vivax from the Central Highlands, Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tu\u1ea5n C\u01b0\u1eddng","family":"V\u00f5","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thi Minh","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Diseases Clinical and Treatment Research Department, Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology Quy Nhon, Quy Nhon 590000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u01b0\u01a1ng Giang","family":"L\u00ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Mi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3041-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won Gi","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huynh Hong","family":"Quang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Diseases Clinical and Treatment Research Department, Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology Quy Nhon, Quy Nhon 590000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6734-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung-Kuk","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus","volume":"16","author":"Caraballo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. 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