{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:58:23Z","timestamp":1784951903921,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillus anthracis, present as a very durable endospore in soil, causes zoonotic illness which is mainly associated with herbivores and domestic animals. Human cases are scarce and often involve populations close to infected livestock. If anthrax is no longer of public health concern in developed countries, B. anthracis is one of the top-tier biological weapon agents. It is classified by the CDC as a category A agent. Since 1994, emerging strains of Bacillus cereus have been associated with anthrax-like disease in mammals. Some clinical strains of B. cereus harbor anthrax-like plasmid genes (pXO1 and pXO2) associated with non-human primate and human infections, with the same clinical presentation of inhalation anthrax and mortality rates. Although currently restricted to certain limited areas of circulation, the emergence of these new strains of B. cereus extends the list of potential agents possibly usable for bioterrorism or as a biological weapon. It is therefore important to improve our knowledge of the phylogeny within the B. cereus\u00a0sensu lato group to better understand the origin of these strains. We can then more efficiently monitor the emergence of new strains to better control the risk of infection and limit potentially malicious uses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pathogenic Bacilli as an Emerging Biothreat?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lou","family":"Mondange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Unit, D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"},{"name":"Yersinia Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9milie","family":"Tessier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunopathology Unit, D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4542-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Nicolas","family":"Tournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-LE Charbon, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"},{"name":"\u00c9cole du Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647","article-title":"Anthrax","volume":"55","author":"Mock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. 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