{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:49:27Z","timestamp":1790542167525,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even in the absence of manifestations at birth, children with congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) may develop serious long-term sequelae later in life. This systematic review aims to present the current state of knowledge to base an informed decision on how to optimally manage these pregnancies and children. For this, a systematic literature search was performed on 28 July 2022 in PubMed, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, Google Scholar and Scopus to identify all prospective and retrospective studies on congenital toxoplasmosis and its long-term outcomes that were evaluated by the authors. We included 31 research papers from several countries. Virulent parasite strains, low socioeconomic status and any delay of treatment seem to contribute to a worse outcome, whereas an early diagnosis of CT as a consequence of prenatal screening may be beneficial. The rate of ocular lesions in treated children increases over time to 30% in European and over 70% in South American children and can be considerably reduced by early treatment in the first year of life. After treatment, new neurological manifestations are not reported, while ocular recurrences are observed in more than 50% of patients, with a mild to moderate impact on quality of life in European cohorts when compared to a significantly reduced quality of life in the more severely affected South American children. Though CT is rare and less severe in Europe when compared with South America, antenatal screening is the only effective way to diagnose and treat affected individuals at the earliest possible time in order to reduce the burden of disease and achieve satisfying outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Long-Term Outcomes in Children with Congenital Toxoplasmosis\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3973-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justus G.","family":"Garweg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Eye Institute, Rotkreuz, and Uveitis Clinic, Berner Augenklinik, Zieglerstrasse 29, 3007 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Kieffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Armand Trousseau, Service de N\u00e9onatologie, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Mandelbrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Louis-Mourier Service de Gyn\u00e9cologie-Obst\u00e9trique, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France"},{"name":"Inserm IAME-U1137, 75000 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Peyron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, H\u00f4pital de la Croix Rousse, Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, 69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Wallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, H\u00f4pital de la Croix Rousse, Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, 69004 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Walking Team, Centre for Research in Neuroscience in Lyon, 69500 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002931","article-title":"Ocular Outcome of Brazilian Patients With Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"40","author":"Lago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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