{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:21:40Z","timestamp":1760232100205,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FDA-NCTR","award":["E073350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E073350"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly originated from the State of Arkansas over a six-year period (2003 to 2008) were studied. This period coincided with a rapid rise in the incidence of S. Javiana infections in the U.S. Children under the age of 10 displayed the highest prevalence of S. Javiana infections, regardless of sex or year of detection. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 different antimicrobials was assessed and 92% (n = 375) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials. Approximately 89% of the isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole alone and 3% (n = 11) were resistant to different antimicrobials, including gentamicin, ciprofloxacin or ceftiofur. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses assessed the genotypic diversity and distribution of S. Javiana strains using XbaI restriction. Nine major clusters were identified and isolates from each group were digested with the restriction enzyme AvrII. Isolates with identical profiles of XbaI and AvrII were found to be disseminated in human populations. These distinct \u201ctypes\u201d of S. Javiana were persistent in human populations for multiple years. A subset of isolates (n = 19) with unique resistance phenotypes underwent plasmid and incompatibility (Inc) type analyses and the isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial harbored multiple plasmids (&lt;3 to 165 kb). Furthermore, these strains possessed 14 virulence genes, including pagC, cdtB, and iroN. The whole genome sequences (WGS) of 18 isolates that mostly originated from Arkansas from 2003 to 2011 were compared with isolates collected from different areas in the U.S. in 1999, indicating the perseverance of S. Javiana in disseminating antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial Genetics and Clonal Dissemination of Salmonella\u00a0enterica Serotype Javiana Isolated from Human Populations in Arkansas, USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6008-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser M.","family":"Sanad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nesreen H.","family":"Aljahdali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"},{"name":"Biological Science Department, College of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8616-6903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijay K.","family":"Khajanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Compliance and Risk Management, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2022). 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