{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T10:18:26Z","timestamp":1782296306270,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in prevalence of staphylococcal antimicrobial resistance has been also associated with pyoderma in dogs, and prolonged antibiotic treatment, as often needed in severe cases of pyoderma, has been related to influencing possible development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Fluorescent light energy (FLE) has been indicated to improve pyoderma lesions as adjunct therapy to systemic antibiotics. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of FLE on clinical signs of MDR canine deep pyoderma (CDP) and interdigital furunculosis (CIF) when administered as solely management. Sixteen client-owned dogs affected by CIF (five dogs) and CDP (eleven dogs) were scored using a dedicated scoring system and received a single FLE applications twice weekly, until clinical resolution was achieved. Mean time to achieve complete resolution was 5.20 \u00b1 3.56 weeks (median 3 weeks) for CIF cases and 4.18 \u00b1 1.47 weeks (median 4 weeks) for CDP ones. FLE shows promise as an aid to managing clinical signs while reducing reliance on antibiotics for MDR CDP and CIF. In this study, FLE was responsible for the decrease in lesion scores and resolution of MDR pyoderma infection without any adjunct therapy, having a potential useful role to play in antibiotic stewardship programs, efficiently promoting complete clinical resolution of MDR lesions while optimizing the use of antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:58:51Z","timestamp":1666141131000},"page":"1197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Fluorescent Light Energy in the Management of Multi Drug Resistant Canine Pyoderma: A Prospective Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3629-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Marchegiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fruganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilena","family":"Bazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9471-0756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Cerquetella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Spaterna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.16.533","article-title":"Survey of the Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment of Dermatological Conditions in Small Animals in General Practice","volume":"158","author":"Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.09.004","article-title":"Recognizing Pyoderma","volume":"43","author":"Gortel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101069","article-title":"Suggested Guidelines for Using Systemic Antimicrobials in Bacterial Skin Infections: Part 1\u2014Diagnosis Based on Clinical Presentation, Cytology and Culture","volume":"172","author":"Beco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101070","article-title":"Suggested Guidelines for Using Systemic Antimicrobials in Bacterial Skin Infections (2): Antimicrobial Choice, Treatment Regimens and Compliance","volume":"172","author":"Beco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.09.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococci in Small Animals","volume":"43","author":"Cain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, S.S., Ribeiro, R., Serrano, M., Oliveira, K., Ferreira, C., Leal, M., Pomba, C., and Couto, I. (2022). Staphylococcus Aureus Causing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Companion Animals: Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Clonal Lineages. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050599"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.01.008","article-title":"Widespread Rapid Emergence of a Distinct Methicillin- and Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius (MRSP) Genetic Lineage in Europe","volume":"144","author":"Ruscher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2007.00635.x","article-title":"First Report of Multiresistant, MecA-Positive Staphylococcus Intermedius in Europe: 12 Cases from a Veterinary Dermatology Referral Clinic in Germany","volume":"18","author":"Loeffler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2006.00536.x","article-title":"Screening of Staphylococcus Aureus, Staphylococcus Intermedius, and Staphylococcus Schleiferi Isolates Obtained from Small Companion Animals for Antimicrobial Resistance: A Retrospective Review of 749 Isolates (2003\u201304)","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.2.221","article-title":"Prevalence of Oxacillin- and Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococci in Clinical Samples from Dogs: 1,772 Samples (2001\u20132005)","volume":"230","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0172","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus Schleiferi Subsp. Coagulans Isolated from Dogs with Pyoderma in Japan","volume":"72","author":"Kawakami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2008.00663.x","article-title":"Screening for Skin Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci and Staphylococcus Schleiferi in Dogs with Healthy and Inflamed Skin","volume":"19","author":"Griffeth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.1.96","article-title":"Genotypic Relatedness and Phenotypic Characterization of Staphylococcus schleiferi Subspecies in Clinical Samples from Dogs","volume":"72","author":"Cain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369-e67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01035.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius (MRSP) from Skin and Carriage Sites of Dogs after Treatment of Their Meticillin-Resistant or Meticillin-Sensitive Staphylococcal Pyoderma","volume":"23","author":"Beck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.04.002","article-title":"What Has Changed in Canine Pyoderma? A Narrative Review","volume":"235","author":"Loeffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82-e19","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12362","article-title":"Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents and Its Impact on Veterinary and Human Medicine","volume":"28","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.09.006","article-title":"Topical Therapy for Drug-Resistant Pyoderma in Small Animals","volume":"43","author":"Jeffers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchegiani, A., Spaterna, A., and Cerquetella, M. (2021). Current Applications and Future Perspectives of Fluorescence Light Energy Biomodulation in Veterinary Medicine. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8020020"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"147","article-title":"Management of All Three Phases of Wound Healing through the Induction of Fluorescence Biomodulation Using Fluorescence Light Energy","volume":"10863","author":"Scapagnini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photonic Diagn. Treat. Infec. Inflamm. Dis. II"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337","article-title":"Mechanisms and Applications of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Photobiomodulation","volume":"4","author":"Hamblin","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMS Biophys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6643416","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Fluorescent Light Energy as Adjunct Therapy in Canine Deep Pyoderma: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"2021","author":"Marchegiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371-e109","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12785","article-title":"Fluorescence Biomodulation in the Management of Canine Interdigital Pyoderma Cases: A Prospective, Single-blinded, Randomized and Controlled Clinical Study","volume":"30","author":"Marchegiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460-e122","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12890","article-title":"Management of Canine Perianal Fistula with Fluorescence Light Energy: Preliminary Findings","volume":"31","author":"Marchegiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2020-001285","article-title":"Use of Fluorescent Light Energy for the Management of Bacterial Skin Infection Associated with Canine Calcinosis Cutis Lesions","volume":"8","author":"Apostolopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Case. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.09.012","article-title":"Canine Pododermatitis","volume":"43","author":"Duclos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163-e43","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12118","article-title":"Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Antimicrobial Therapy of Canine Superficial Bacterial Folliculitis (Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases)","volume":"25","author":"Hillier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.2.210","article-title":"Antimicrobial Drug Use in Dogs Prior to Admission to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital","volume":"241","author":"Baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hidalgo-Tenorio, C. The Reduction in Duration of Antibiotic Therapy as a Key Element of Antibiotic Stewardship Programs","volume":"01","author":"Pasquau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00828.x","article-title":"The Staphylococcus Intermedius Group of Bacterial Pathogens: Species Re-Classification, Pathogenesis and the Emergence of Meticillin Resistance","volume":"20","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2471-2175.jdrt-16-1296","article-title":"A Successful Vancomycin Treatment Of Multidrug-Resistant MRSA-Associated Canine Pyoderma","volume":"1","author":"Gizzarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.12.1566","article-title":"Clinical Characterization of Staphylococcus schleiferi Infections and Identification of Risk Factors for Acquisition of Oxacillin-Resistant Strains in Dogs: 225 Cases (2003\u20132009)","volume":"239","author":"Cain","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13105","article-title":"Rifampicin Treatment of Canine Multidrug-Resistant Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Pyoderma: A Retrospective Study of 51 Cases","volume":"33","author":"Harbour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.5.540","article-title":"An Investigation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Colonization in People and Pets in the Same Household with an Infected Person or Infected Pet","volume":"235","author":"Faires","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030284","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones and the Risk for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitalized Patients1","volume":"9","author":"Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.6.1428-1437.2000","article-title":"Induction of Fibronectin-Binding Proteins and Increased Adhesion of Quinolone-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus by Subinhibitory Levels of Ciprofloxacin","volume":"44","author":"Bisognano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01050.x","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Systemic Antimicrobial Treatment in Canine Superficial and Deep Pyoderma: A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Summers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12451","article-title":"In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Blue Light (465 Nm) Phototherapy on Meticillin-Susceptible and Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius","volume":"28","author":"Schnedeker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2017.10.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial Blue Light Inactivation of Pathogenic Microbes: State of the Art","volume":"33\u201335","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296-e102","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12651","article-title":"In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of 465\u2013470 Nm Blue Light Phototherapy and Aminolevulinic Acid on Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius","volume":"29","author":"Bae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1276691","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Effect of Blue Light: What Are Behind?","volume":"8","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/10\/1197\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:56:08Z","timestamp":1760144168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/10\/1197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11101197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11101197","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]}}}