{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:59:07Z","timestamp":1790668747340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tight junctions (TJs) are highly specialized membrane structural domains that hold cells together and form a continuous intercellular barrier in epithelial cells. TJs regulate paracellular permeability and participate in various cellular signaling pathways. As physical barriers, TJs can block viral entry into host cells; however, viruses use a variety of strategies to circumvent this barrier to facilitate their infection. This paper summarizes how viruses evade various barriers during infection by regulating the expression of TJs to facilitate their own entry into the organism causing infection, which will help to develop drugs targeting TJs to contain virus-related disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:58:51Z","timestamp":1666141131000},"page":"1200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Tight Junctions, the Key Factor in Virus-Related Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7723-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guofei","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyuan","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Center, Taian Central Hospital, Tai\u2019an 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingchao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dexin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiying","family":"Bing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai\u2019an 271016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Twenty-first Bowditch lecture. The epithelial junction: Bridge, gate, and fence","volume":"20","author":"Diamond","year":"1977","journal-title":"Physiologist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.80","article-title":"Tight junctions: From simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates","volume":"17","author":"Zihni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(02)00037-8","article-title":"Tight junction proteins","volume":"81","author":"Betanzos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718356","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.718356","article-title":"Inflammatory and Microbiota-Related Regulation of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier","volume":"13","author":"Barbara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0320-7_34","article-title":"In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"1135","author":"Czupalla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.087452","article-title":"The blood-testis and blood-epididymis barriers are more than just their tight junctions","volume":"84","author":"Mital","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031410","article-title":"Endothelial Conditional Knockdown of NMMHC IIA (Nonmuscle Myosin Heavy Chain IIA) Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Damage During Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"52","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.3390\/v7092865","article-title":"Tight Junctions Go Viral!","volume":"7","author":"Arias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00124-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00124-20","article-title":"Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Structural Protein GP3 Regulates Claudin 4 To Facilitate the Early Stages of Infection","volume":"94","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"691","article-title":"MA026, an anti-hepatitis C virus compound, opens tight junctions of the epithelial cell membrane","volume":"70","author":"Yusuke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01982-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01982-17","article-title":"Identification of Piperazinylbenzenesulfonamides as New Inhibitors of Claudin-1 Trafficking and Hepatitis C Virus Entry","volume":"92","author":"Laura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000232","article-title":"Genital inflammation, immune activation and risk of sexual HIV acquisition","volume":"11","author":"Passmore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121935","article-title":"Cigarette smoke and HIV synergistically affect lung pathology in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"128","author":"Chand","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00914","article-title":"Cannabinoid Attenuation of Intestinal Inflammation in Chronic SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques Involves T Cell Modulation and Differential Expression of Micro-RNAs and Pro-inflammatory Genes","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.11.019","article-title":"Permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier to HIV-1 Tat","volume":"193","author":"Banks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280009013158","article-title":"Detection of the human immunodeficiency virus regulatory protein tat in CNS tissues","volume":"6","author":"Hudson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403206","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3403206","article-title":"Role of Cav-1 in HIV-1 Tat-Induced Dysfunction of Tight Junctions and Abeta-Transferring Proteins","volume":"2019","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12221","article-title":"Influence of Common Mucosal Co-Factors on HIV Infection in the Female Genital Tract","volume":"71","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.168","article-title":"Interferon-beta induced in female genital epithelium by HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 via Toll-like-receptor 2 pathway acts to protect the mucosal barrier","volume":"16","author":"Nazli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.12.2527","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate matrix metal-loproteinase-9 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"20","author":"Cho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2009.41.2.011","article-title":"Extracellular HIV-1 Tat up-regulates ex-pression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 via a MAPK-NF-\u03baB dependent pathway in human astrocytes","volume":"41","author":"Ju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080983","article-title":"Disruption of E-cadherin by matrix metalloproteinase directly mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition downstream of transforming growth factor-beta1 in renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"175","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2808","article-title":"Engagement of collagen-binding integrins promotes matrix metalloproteinase-9-dependent E-cadherin ecto-domain shedding in ovarian carcinoma cells","volume":"67","author":"Symowicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.248","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates hypox-ia-induced vascular leakage in the brain via tight junction rearrangement","volume":"30","author":"Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood. Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001075","article-title":"HIV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation through mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling promotes HSV-1 cell-to-cell spread in oral epithelial cells","volume":"99","author":"Sufiawati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2019.03.003","article-title":"IL-17A and IL-17F repair HIV-1 gp140 damaged Caco-2 cell barriers by upregulating tight junction genes","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00141-19","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00141-19","article-title":"Cooperative Interactions between Trichomonas vaginalis and Associated Bacteria Enhance Paracellular Permeability of the Cervicovaginal Epithelium by Dysregulating Tight Junctions","volume":"87","author":"Hinderfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01799-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01799-16","article-title":"Mice Expressing Minimally Humanized CD81 and Occludin Genes Support Hepatitis C Virus Uptake In Vivo","volume":"91","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8976-8_11","article-title":"Expression Cloning of Host Factors Required for the HCV Replication Cycle","volume":"1911","author":"Ciesek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00093","article-title":"Disruption of Claudin-1 Expression by miRNA-182 Alters the Susceptibility to Viral Infectivity in HCV Cell Models","volume":"9","author":"Riad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00478-17","article-title":"Entry and Release of Hepatitis C Virus in Polarized Human Hepatocytes","volume":"91","author":"Belouzard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26567","article-title":"Isolate-dependent use of claudins for cell entry by hepatitis C virus","volume":"59","author":"Haid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13026","article-title":"COPII cargo claudin-12 promotes hepatitis C virus entry","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Viral. Hepat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.02.005","article-title":"Single Particle Imaging of Polarized Hepatoma Organoids upon Hepatitis C Virus Infection Reveals an Ordered and Sequential Entry Process","volume":"23","author":"Baktash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16588","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24742","article-title":"A novel occludin-targeting monoclonal antibody prevents hepatitis C virus infection in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Okai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12680","article-title":"Role of the cytosolic domain of occludin in trafficking and hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"20","author":"Lavie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2020.183296","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and tight junction proteins: The ties that bind","volume":"1862","author":"Mailly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a036830","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a036830","article-title":"Hepatitis C Virus Entry: Protein Interactions and Fusion Determinants Governing Productive Hepatocyte Invasion","volume":"10","author":"Gerold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.021","article-title":"Intestinal HIF-1alpha deletion exacerbates alcoholic liver disease by inducing intestinal dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction","volume":"69","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekhar, V., Pollicino, T., Diaz, G., Engle, R.E., Alayli, F., Melis, M., Kabat, J., Tice, A., Pomerenke, A., and Altan-Bonnet, N. (2018). Infection with hepatitis C virus depends on TACSTD2, a regulator of claudin-1 and occludin highly downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006916"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00214","article-title":"The Mechanism of the Zika Virus Crossing the Placental Barrier and the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"11","author":"Chiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02158","article-title":"Selective Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Zika Virus","volume":"10","author":"Leda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.06.011","article-title":"Zika virus NS1 affects the junctional integrity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"176","author":"Rastogi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, J., Martin-Tapia, D., Valdespino-Vazquez, Y., Alarcon, L., Espejel-Nunez, A., Guzman-Huerta, M., Munoz-Medina, J.E., Shibayama, M., Chavez-Munguia, B., and Estrada-Gutierrez, G. (2019). Syncytiotrophoblast of Placentae from Women with Zika Virus Infection Has Altered Tight Junction Protein Expression and Increased Paracellular Permeability. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101174"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, L., Nie, Y., Li, S., Guo, M., Yang, W., Huang, R., Chen, J., Liu, Y., Lu, X., and Chen, Z. (2020). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 facilitates Zika virus invasion of the testis by modulating the integrity of the blood-testis barrier. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008509"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00272","article-title":"Sertoli Cells Are Susceptible to ZIKV Infection in Mouse Testis","volume":"7","author":"Sheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashid, M.U., Zahedi-Amiri, A., Glover, K.K.M., Gao, A., Nickol, M.E., Kindrachuk, J., Wilkins, J.A., and Coombs, K.M. (2020). Zika virus dysregulates human Sertoli cell proteins involved in spermatogenesis with little effect on tight junctions. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008335"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1200-2","article-title":"Directional entry and release of Zika virus from polarized epithelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Tamhankar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanthick, C., Suttitheptumrong, A., Rawarak, N., and Pattanakitsakul, S.-N. (2018). Transcytosis Involvement in Transport System and Endothelial Permeability of Vascular Leakage during Dengue Virus Infection. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020069"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.123","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of TNF-\u03b1 and Dengue Virus Infection on Adhesion Molecule Reorganization in Human Endothelial Cells","volume":"70","author":"Inyoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70150-9","article-title":"Neurological complications of dengue virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Wichmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00525","article-title":"Pathways Exploited by Flaviviruses to Counteract the Blood-Brain Barrier and Invade the Central Nervous System","volume":"10","author":"Mustafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04175-3","article-title":"Invasion of a murine in vitro blood-brain barrier co-culture model by dengue virus serotypes 1 to 4","volume":"164","author":"Idris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01148","article-title":"IP-10 Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Damage by Inducing Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production in Japanese Encephalitis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhao, L., Luo, Z., Zhang, Y., Lv, L., Zhao, J., Sui, B., Huang, F., Cui, M., and Fu, Z.F. (2020). Interferon-lambda Attenuates Rabies Virus Infection by Inducing Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Alleviating Neurological Inflammation. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040405"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01282-2015","article-title":"Influenza virus damages the alveolar barrier by disrupting epithelial cell tight junctions","volume":"47","author":"Short","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pharo, E.A., Williams, S.M., Boyd, V., Sundaramoorthy, V., Durr, P.A., and Baker, M.L. (2020). Host-Pathogen Responses to Pandemic Influenza H1N1pdm09 in a Human Respiratory Airway Model. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060679"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2018.08.022","article-title":"H3N2 influenza virus infection enhances oncostatin M expression in human nasal epithelium","volume":"371","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00080-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00080-19","article-title":"Tropism and Infectivity of a Seasonal A(H1N1) and a Highly Pathogenic Avian A(H5N1) Influenza Virus in Primary Differentiated Ferret Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures","volume":"93","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Liu, X., Chen, F., Zuo, K., Wu, C., Yan, Y., Chen, W., Lin, W., and Xie, Q. (2018). Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Affects Intestinal Microbiota, Barrier Structure Injury, and Inflammatory Intestinal Disease in the Chicken Ileum. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050270"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990519X19040084","article-title":"Long-Term Maintenance of the Functional Changes Induced by Influenza A Virus and\/or LPS in Human Endothelial ECV-304 Cell Sublines","volume":"13","author":"Smirnova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2012","article-title":"Claudins and the modulation of tight junction permeability","volume":"93","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"99","article-title":"Nuclear expression of claudin-3 in human colorectal adeno-carcinoma cell lines and tissues","volume":"15","author":"Tokuhara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.12.016","article-title":"Development and characterization of swine primary respiratory epithelial cells and their susceptibility to infection by four influenza virus types","volume":"528","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-020-00039-0","article-title":"A human cell polarity protein Lgl2 regulates influenza A virus nucleoprotein exportation from nucleus in MDCK cells","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02161-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02161-19","article-title":"Neutrophil-Airway Epithelial Interactions Result in Increased Epithelial Damage and Viral Clearance during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"94","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L358","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00345.2018","article-title":"Disruption of the airway epithelial barrier in a murine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"316","author":"Smallcombe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"294","article-title":"Effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection on epidermal growth factor receptor, tight junction association proteins and mucin in airway epithelial cells","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3936","article-title":"Comparing the binding properties of peptides mimicking the Envelope protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to the PDZ domain of the tight junction-associated PALS1 protein","volume":"29","author":"Toto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e10-04-0338","article-title":"The SARS coronavirus E protein interacts with PALS1 and alters tight junction formation and epithelial morphogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Teoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1515","article-title":"Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes","volume":"27","author":"Foust","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02412","article-title":"Multiple regions of Crumbs3 are required for tight junction formation in MCF10A cells","volume":"118","author":"Fogg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00943-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00943-19","article-title":"A CRISPR Screen Identifies the Cell Polarity Determinant Crumbs 3 as an Adeno-associated Virus Restriction Factor in Hepatocytes","volume":"93","author":"Madigan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.06.020","article-title":"Crumbs3-Mediated Polarity Directs Airway Epithelial Cell Fate through the Hippo Pathway Effector Yap","volume":"34","author":"Szymaniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-9-6","article-title":"Expression and localization of claudins-3 and -12 in transformed human brain endothelium","volume":"9","author":"Schrade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506084102","article-title":"Androgens regulate the permeability of the blood-testis barrier","volume":"102","author":"Meng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.077040","article-title":"Claudin 5 expression in mouse seminiferous epithelium is dependent upon the transcription factor ets variant 5 and contributes to blood-testis barrier function","volume":"81","author":"Morrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.03.005","article-title":"In Vivo Genetic Manipulation of Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Their Microenvironment by Adeno-Associated Viruses","volume":"10","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32352-y","article-title":"Rotavirus-Induced Early Activation of the RhoA\/ROCK\/MLC Signaling Pathway Mediates the Disruption of Tight Junctions in Polarized MDCK Cells","volume":"8","author":"Soliman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02834-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02834-19","article-title":"Neurotrophic Factors Protect the Intestinal Barrier from Rotavirus Insult in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Hagbom","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00202-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00202-17","article-title":"Tight Junction Protein Occludin Is a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Entry Factor","volume":"91","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00415-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00415-18","article-title":"Pigs Lacking the Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich Domain 5 of CD163 Are Resistant to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 Infection","volume":"92","author":"Burkard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.06.001","article-title":"Antiviral Strategies against PRRSV Infection","volume":"25","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00756-2","article-title":"Porcine circovirus type 2 exploits JNK-mediated disruption of tight junctions to facilitate Streptococcus suis translocation across the tracheal epithelium","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Q., Wang, C., Liu, H., Wu, Q., Liang, S., Cen, M., Dong, Q., Wei, Y., Chen, Y., and Ouyang, K. (2019). Pathogenic Characteristics of a Porcine Astrovirus Strain Isolated in China. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121156"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01773-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01773-18","article-title":"Early Porcine Sapovirus Infection Disrupts Tight Junctions and Uses Occludin as a Coreceptor","volume":"93","author":"Alfajaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.08.003","article-title":"Persistent Marburg Virus Infection in the Testes of Nonhuman Primate Survivors","volume":"24","author":"Coffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1601556","article-title":"Epithelial physical barrier defects in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"15","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00800-8","article-title":"Enterovirus A71 capsid protein VP1 increases blood-brain barrier permeability and virus receptor vimentin on the brain endothelial cells","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, J., Lin, C.-Y., Chung, Y.-H., Shi, Y.-F., Tzang, B.-S., and Hsu, T.-C. (2018). The VP1 unique region of human parvovirus B19 and human bocavirus induce lung injury in na\u00efve Balb\/c mice. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202667"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138900","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.138900","article-title":"Alveolar barrier disruption in varicella pneumonia is associated with neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"5","author":"Ouwendijk","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-018-9821-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.11.027","article-title":"Epithelial Barriers in Murine Skin during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection: The Role of Tight Junction Formation","volume":"137","author":"Rahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13967","article-title":"Enrichment of CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene in gastric cancers in young adults","volume":"110","author":"Nakayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.01.031","article-title":"Claudin-1 inhibits human parainfluenza virus type 2 dissemination","volume":"531","author":"Yumine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00052","article-title":"Brain Infection by Hepatitis E Virus Probably via Damage of the Blood-Brain Barrier Due to Alterations of Tight Junction Proteins","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Xu, X.Q., Zhang, B., Gu, J., Meng, F.Z., Liu, H., Zhou, L., Wang, X., Hou, W., and Ho, W.Z. (2018). Bowman Birk Inhibitor Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection of Human Cervical Epithelial Cells. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10100557"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"736","article-title":"Humanisation of a claudin-1-specific monoclonal antibody for clinical prevention and cure of HCV infection without escape","volume":"67","author":"Colpitts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29066","article-title":"A master regulator of tight junctions involved in hepatitis C virus entry and pathogenesis","volume":"65","author":"Denolly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08641-z","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus neuropenetrance is driven by mast cell chymase","volume":"10","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02258-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02258-17","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies against Occludin Completely Prevented Hepatitis C Virus Infection in a Mouse Model","volume":"92","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.02.016","article-title":"Houttuynia cordata polysaccharides ameliorate pneumonia severity and intestinal injury in mice with influenza virus infection","volume":"218","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154776","article-title":"IL-22 suppresses HSV-2 replication in human cervical epithelial cells","volume":"123","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/10\/1200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:56:24Z","timestamp":1760144184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/10\/1200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11101200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11101200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]}}}