{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:45:31Z","timestamp":1792813531824,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Ecuador"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human cysticercosis is caused by ingestion of T. solium eggs from taenia carriers. Neurocysticercosis (NCC), defined as the infection of the CNS and the meninges by the larval stage of Taenia solium, is the most common helminthic infection of the CNS worldwide. Parasites may lodge in brain parenchyma, subarachnoid space, ventricular system, or spinal cord, causing pathological changes that account for the pleomorphism of this disease. Seizures\/epilepsy are the most common clinical manifestation, but other patients present with headache, focal deficits, intracranial hypertension, or cognitive decline. Accurate diagnosis of NCC is possible after interpretation of clinical data together with findings of neuroimaging studies and results of immunological tests. However, neuroimaging studies are fundamental for diagnosis because immunological test and clinical manifestations only provide circumstantial evidence of NCC. The introduction of cysticidal drugs changed the prognosis of most NCC patients. These drugs have been shown to reduce the burden of infection and to improve the clinical course of the disease in many patients. Efforts should be directed to eradicate the disease through the implementation of control programs against all the steps in the life cycle of T. solium, including carriers of the adult tapeworm, infected pigs, and eggs in the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:34:30Z","timestamp":1666312470000},"page":"1212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Human Neurocysticercosis: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1917-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar H.","family":"Del Brutto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Research Center, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Toscana, Apt 3H, Km 4.5 v\u00eda Puntilla, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-014-0437-6","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: An update","volume":"16","author":"Coyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"943","article-title":"Parasitic infections of the nervous system","volume":"27","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, H.H., and Del Brutto, O.H. (2020). Fake news in neglected tropical diseases: The case of neurocysticercosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008208"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try060","article-title":"Active neurocysticercosis at the hospital for tropical diseases, London: A clinical case series","volume":"112","author":"Hunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2011.00592.x","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis among international travelers to disease-endemic areas","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209033271004","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis in an Orthodox Jewish community in New York City","volume":"327","author":"Schantz","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70094-8","article-title":"Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis","volume":"13","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyano, L.M., O\u2019Neal, S.E., Ayvar, V., Gonzalvez, G., Gamboa, R., V\u00edlchez, P., Rodriguez, S., Reistetter, J., Tsang, V.C.W., and Gilman, R.H. (2016). High prevalence of asymptomatic neurocysticercosis in an endemic rural community in Per\u00fa. PloS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005130"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000068748","article-title":"High prevalence of calcified silent neurocysticercosis in a rural village of Mexico","volume":"22","author":"Fleury","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carabin, H., Ndimubanzi, P.C., Budke, C.M., Nguyen, H., Qian, Y., Cowan, L.D., Stoner, J.A., Rainwater, E., and Dickey, M. (2011). Clinical manifestations associated with neurocysticercosis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001152"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12849","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: A natural human model of epileptogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Nash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000026","article-title":"Edema surrounding calcified intracranial cysticerci: Clinical manifestations, natural history, and treatment","volume":"106","author":"Nash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00575.x","article-title":"Epidemiologic classification of seizures associated with neurocysticercosis: Observations from a sample of seizure disorders in neurologic care in India","volume":"113","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0601-x","article-title":"Update on cysticercosis epileptogenesis: The role of the hippocampus","volume":"16","author":"Engel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0485","article-title":"Unique characteristics of epilepsy development in neurocysticercosis","volume":"103","author":"Herrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3288","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003288","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 polymorphisms and serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 in newly diagnosed patients with calcified neurocysticercosis and seizures","volume":"95","author":"Lachuriya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.09.015","article-title":"Increased expression of ICAM-1 among symptomatic neurocysticercosis","volume":"206","author":"Prasad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1086\/656395","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism and its association with symptomatic neurocysticercosis","volume":"202","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.562","article-title":"Inflammation is a key risk factor for persistent seizures in neurocysticercosis","volume":"5","author":"Herrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13892","article-title":"On the relationship between calcified neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in an endemic village: A large-scale, computed tomography-based population study in rural Ecuador","volume":"58","author":"Arroyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e221","article-title":"The importance of people compliance (social desirability bias) in the assessment of epilepsy prevalence in rural areas of developing countries. Results of the Atahualpa Project","volume":"57","author":"Mera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"208","article-title":"Incidence of adult-onset epilepsy and the contributory role of neurocysticercosis in a five-year, population-based, prospective study in rural Ecuador","volume":"106","author":"Recalde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0443","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis among people living near pigs heavily infected with cysticercosis in rural endemic Per\u00fa","volume":"98","author":"Garvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.07.015","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis in patients with active epilepsy from the pig farming community of Lucknow district, north India","volume":"103","author":"Prasad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2014.10.4.363","article-title":"Hydrocephalus and neurocysticercosis: Cases illustrative of three distinct mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Amelot","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1995.hed3502093.x","article-title":"Headache and cysticercosis in Ecuador, South America","volume":"35","author":"Cruz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411433043","article-title":"Calcified neurocysticercosis among patients with primary headache","volume":"32","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0310","article-title":"Calcified neurocysticercosis and headache in an endemic village: A case-control study nested to a population-based cohort","volume":"99","author":"Robles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70243-6","article-title":"Perilesional brain oedema and seizure activity in patients with calcified neurocysticercosis: A prospective cohort and nested case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Nash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"25158163221076464","article-title":"Migrainous headaches, calcified cysticercosis and breakthrough seizures","volume":"5","author":"Robles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cephalalgia Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.150","article-title":"Subarachnoid basal neurocysticercosis: A focus on the most severe form of the disease","volume":"9","author":"Fleury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1134321","article-title":"Clinical management of infectious cerebral vasculitidis","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0611","article-title":"The association between calcified neurocysticercosis and cognitive performance: A case-control study nested to a population-based cohort","volume":"100","author":"Mera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-013-0199-1","article-title":"Intrasellar cysticercosis: A systematic review","volume":"113","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.05.025","article-title":"Intramedullary cysticercosis of the spinal cord: A review of patients evaluated with MRI","volume":"331","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236805","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236805","article-title":"Relationship between scolex, shape of the cyst and timing of surgery in subretinal cysticercosis","volume":"13","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"197","article-title":"Current diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis","volume":"12","author":"Guzman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.306105522","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: Radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"30","author":"Higuera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"622","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of indigenous ELISAs for detection of anti-cysticercus IgG antibodies in serum from clinically and radiologically suspected cases of neurocysticercosis","volume":"4","author":"Pappala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.09.014","article-title":"Evaluation of the performance of 5 commercialized enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Taenia solium antibodies and for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis","volume":"72","author":"Carod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13010","article-title":"Low sensitivity and frequent cross-reactions in commercially available antibody detection ELISA assays for Taenia solium cysticercosis","volume":"23","author":"Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000048","article-title":"Immunological and molecular diagnosis of cysticercosis","volume":"106","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-016-0547-4","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and management of neurocysticercosis","volume":"18","author":"Webb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00424-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00424-18","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium)","volume":"56","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155021","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01550-21","article-title":"Improved diagnosis of viable parenchymal neurocysticercosis by combining antibody bandings patterns on enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) with antigen ELISA assay","volume":"20","author":"Arroyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz541","article-title":"A novel, highly sensitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of subarachnoid and ventricular neurocysticercosis and for assessing responses to treatment","volume":"70","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(96)00130-X","article-title":"Proposal of diagnostic criteria for human cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis","volume":"142","author":"Wadia","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.2.177","article-title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis","volume":"57","author":"Rajshekhar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"202","article-title":"Revised diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis","volume":"371","author":"Nash","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1707667","article-title":"Twenty-five years of evolution of standard diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. How have they impacted diagnosis and patient outcomes?","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"171","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis: Some modifications are needed for Indian patients","volume":"52","author":"Garg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel, S., Blocher, J., Dorny, P., Abatih, E.N., Schmutzhard, E., Ombay, M., Mathias, B., and Winkler, A.S. (2012). Added value of antigen ELISA in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis in resource poor settings. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001851"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24732","article-title":"New diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis: Reliability and validity","volume":"80","author":"Carpio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.145","article-title":"Infectious disease: Diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis\u2013a difficult update","volume":"12","author":"Gilman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.007","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: An individualized approach","volume":"33","author":"Coyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x-anp-2022-s115","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and management of neurocysticercosis","volume":"80","author":"Takayanagui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1194757","article-title":"Antiepileptic drug therapy and recommendations for withdrawal in patients with seizures and epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis","volume":"16","author":"Bustos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.86","article-title":"Corticosteroid use in neurocysticercosis","volume":"11","author":"Nash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1086\/511040","article-title":"Methotrexate as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in complicated neurocysticercosis","volume":"44","author":"Mitre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0795","article-title":"Etanercept to control inflammation in the treatment of complicated neurocysticercosis","volume":"100","author":"Nash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.03.093","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of management strategies and outcomes in adult spinal neurocysticercosis","volume":"138","author":"Barrie","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.071","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis: Challenges for clinical practice and basic research perspectives","volume":"126","author":"Zanini","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0085","article-title":"Intraventricular neurocysticercosis: Experience and long-term outcome from a tertiary referral center in the United States","volume":"98","author":"Nash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0921","article-title":"A personal account regarding the origin and evolution of controversies in the management of neurocysticercosis","volume":"100","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031294","article-title":"A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis","volume":"350","author":"Garcia","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00009","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Cysticidal drugs for neurocysticercosis: Albendazole and praziquantel","volume":"145","author":"Roos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2f3e","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis: Report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"80","author":"Baird","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Brutto, O.H., and Garc\u00eda, H.H. (2021). The many facets of disseminated parenchymal brain cysticercosis: A differential diagnosis with important therapeutic implications. PloS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009883"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0436","article-title":"Natural history of treated subarachnoid neurocysticercosis","volume":"102","author":"Nash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy157","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis: 2017 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)","volume":"66","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70779-0","article-title":"Efficacy of combined antiparasitic therapy with praziquantel and albendazole for neurocysticercosis: A double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw134","article-title":"Cysticidal efficacy of combined treatment with praziquantel and albendazole for parenchymal brain cysticercosis","volume":"62","author":"Lescano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70194-0","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: Updated concepts about an old disease","volume":"4","author":"Garcia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"181","article-title":"A programme to control taeniasis-cysticercosis (T. solium): Experiences in a Mexican village","volume":"57","author":"Keilbach","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Leiden"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.11.017","article-title":"Role of chemotherapy of taeniasis in prevention of neurocysticercosis","volume":"55","author":"Pawlowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2349","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis as an eradicable cause of epilepsy: A plan and actions are needed","volume":"78","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1515520","article-title":"Elimination of Taenia solium transmission in northern Per\u00fa","volume":"374","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00030-5","article-title":"Vaccines for the prevention of cysticercosis","volume":"87","author":"Lightowlers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnet, G., Pizzitutti, F., Gonzales-Guftavson, A.A., Gabriel, S., Pan, W.K., Garcia, H.H., Bistos, J.A., Vilcez, P., O\u2019Neal, S.E., and Cysticercosis Working Gropu in Peru (2022). CystiHuman: A model of human neurocysticercosis. PloS Compu. Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010118"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0723","article-title":"Spontaneously arrested transmission of cysticercosis in a highly endemic village with a very low migration rate","volume":"98","author":"Dorny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0069","article-title":"Reliability of diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis for patients with ventricular cystic lesions of granulomas: A systematic review","volume":"97","author":"Bustos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000129481.12067.06","article-title":"Calcific neurocysticercosis and epileptogenesis","volume":"62","author":"Nash","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.02.030","article-title":"Understanding the association of neurocysticercosis and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and its impact on the surgical treatment of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"76","author":"Bianchin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/10\/1212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:58:09Z","timestamp":1760144289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/10\/1212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11101212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11101212","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]}}}