{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:51:28Z","timestamp":1770360688863,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"OCEAC MTN KFW"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease still endemic in the Republic of Congo. Despite the continuous detection of HAT cases in the country, there is still not enough data on trypanosome infections in tsetse flies, trypanosome species and tsetse flies\u2019 species distribution in endemic foci. The present study was intended to fill this gap and improve understanding of trypanosome circulation in three active foci in the centre and south of Congo. Methods: Pyramid traps were set in various places in villages to collect tsetse flies both during the rainy and dry seasons. Once collected, tsetse flies were identified using morphological keys. DNA extracted from flies was processed by PCR for species identification and for detection of trypanosome presence. A second PCR was run for different trypanosome species identification. Results: A total of 1291 tsetse flies were collected. The average apparent density of flies per day was 0.043 in Mpouya, 0.73 in Ngab\u00e9 and 2.79 in Loudima. Glossina fuscipes quazensis was the predominant tsetse fly collected in Ngab\u00e9 and Mpouya, while Glossina palpalis palpalis was the only tsetse fly found in Loudima. A total of 224 (17.7%) flies were detected infected by trypanosomes; 100 (7.91%) by Trypanosoma congolense savannah, 22 (1.74%) by Trypanosoma congolense forest, 15 (1.19%) by Trypanosoma vivax, 83 (6.56%) by Trypanosoma brucei (s.l.) and 2 (0.16%) undetermined species. No T Trypanosoma brucei gambiense was found. A total of 57 co-infections between T. brucei (s.l.) and T. congolense savannah or T. brucei (s.l.) and T. congolense forest were found only in G. p. palpalis. Loudima recorded the highest number of infected tsetse flies. Conclusion: The study provided updated information on the distribution of tsetse fly populations as well as on Trypanosoma species circulating in tsetse flies in the different active HAT foci in Congo. These data suggested a high risk of potential transmission of animal trypanosomes in these foci, thus stressing the need for active surveillance in this endemic area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T06:01:28Z","timestamp":1667282488000},"page":"1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tsetse Flies Infected with Trypanosomes in Three Active Human African Trypanosomiasis Foci of the Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2524-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Bemba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville B.P. 69, Congo"},{"name":"Institut de Recherche de Yaound\u00e9 (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les End\u00e9mies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaound\u00e9 B.P. 288, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arsene","family":"Lenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville B.P. 69, Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2917-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herman Parfait","family":"Awono-Ambene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche de Yaound\u00e9 (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les End\u00e9mies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaound\u00e9 B.P. 288, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Antonio-Nkondjio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche de Yaound\u00e9 (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les End\u00e9mies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaound\u00e9 B.P. 288, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","article-title":"Human african trypanosomiasis","volume":"390","author":"Cecchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). 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