{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:44:33Z","timestamp":1792014273999,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1169949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1169949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian governments","award":["APP1169949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1169949"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Australia, there is a paucity of data about the extent and impact of zoonotic tick-related illnesses. Even less is understood about a multifaceted illness referred to as Debilitating Symptom Complexes Attributed to Ticks (DSCATT). Here, we describe a research plan for investigating the aetiology, pathophysiology, and clinical outcomes of human tick-associated disease in Australia. Our approach focuses on the transmission of potential pathogens and the immunological responses of the patient after a tick bite. The protocol is strengthened by prospective data collection, the recruitment of two external matched control groups, and sophisticated integrative data analysis which, collectively, will allow the robust demonstration of associations between a tick bite and the development of clinical and pathological abnormalities. Various laboratory analyses are performed including metagenomics to investigate the potential transmission of bacteria, protozoa and\/or viruses during tick bite. In addition, multi-omics technology is applied to investigate links between host immune responses and potential infectious and non-infectious disease causations. Psychometric profiling is also used to investigate whether psychological attributes influence symptom development. This research will fill important knowledge gaps about tick-borne diseases. Ultimately, we hope the results will promote improved diagnostic outcomes, and inform the safe management and treatment of patients bitten by ticks in Australia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T04:00:51Z","timestamp":1667534451000},"page":"1290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Troublesome Ticks Research Protocol: Developing a Comprehensive, Multidiscipline Research Plan for Investigating Human Tick-Associated Disease in Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3289-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda D.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia 70040-020, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0666-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenna","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1826-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill M.","family":"Austen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Cunneen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The App Workshop Pty Ltd., Perth, WA 6000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Ratchford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Northern Beaches Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2086, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8794-0710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Northern Beaches Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2086, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasad","family":"Kumarasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Western Dermatology, Hollywood Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7245-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rym","family":"Ben-Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias R.","family":"Kollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron R.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Beaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9238-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhys","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7147-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ala","family":"Tabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre of Animal Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"O\u2019Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3446-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen M.","family":"Faddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, QLD 4502, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen C.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"},{"name":"Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Stenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8204-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte L.","family":"Oskam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Una M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0006-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.097","article-title":"Targeting a global health problem: Vaccine design and challenges for the control of tick-borne diseases","volume":"35","author":"Contreras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab086","article-title":"Trends and Opportunities in Tick-Borne Disease 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