{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:21:00Z","timestamp":1788891660742,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in raw milk samples was estimated in different ruminants and Egyptian governorates. Of 13 bulk milk samples tested by ELISA, five (38.5%) were positive for antibodies to N. caninum, and two samples were additionally positive for antibodies to T. gondii, resulting in a seroprevalence of 15.4% for both T. gondii and co-infection. In individual milk samples (n = 171) from the same bulks, antibodies to N. caninum were detected in 25.7%, to T. gondii in 14%, and 3.5% had antibodies to both parasites. A strong correlation between the OD values of the bulk samples and of the relevant individual milk samples was found for T. gondii (Pearson r = 0.9759) and moderately strong for N. caninum (Pearson r = 0.5801). Risk factor assessment for individual milk samples revealed that antibodies to T. gondii were significantly influenced by animal species, while no risk factors were detected for N. caninum antibodies. Additionally, DNA of N. caninum was detected in a bulk milk sample of cattle for the first time in Egypt, and DNA of T. gondii was found in bulk milk samples of cattle, sheep and goats. This is the first study in Egypt in which bulk milk samples of different ruminants were tested for the presence of N. caninum and T. gondii antibodies and DNA. Both individual and bulk milk samples are useful tools for monitoring antibody response to N. caninum and T. gondii infections in different ruminants in Egypt.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:49:51Z","timestamp":1667904591000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and DNA in Raw Milk of Various Ruminants in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1845-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ragab M.","family":"Fereig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan H.","family":"Abdelbaky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary Directorate, Qena 83511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira M.","family":"Mazeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Arish University, North Sinai, Arish 45516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3730-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El-Sayed","family":"El-Alfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somaya","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1553-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mosaab A.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9869-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah F.","family":"Alsayeqh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-7493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline F.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, L\u00e4nggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2003.41.1.1","article-title":"Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals","volume":"41","author":"Dubey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J. 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