{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T18:30:43Z","timestamp":1778783443636,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii (an intracellular protozoan) causes toxoplasmosis in warm-blooded animals, including humans and dogs. The present study was carried out to investigate the seroprevalence of canine toxoplasmosis in the owned and stray populations of dogs in Faisalabad District, Punjab, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: Commercially available Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) kits were used for the screening of samples (139 stray and 150 owned), followed by confirmation through ELISA. For the statistical analyses, chi-square was used to correlate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis with various factors. Results: The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis, determined by the LAT, was 22.5% and, by ELISA, was 21.8%. A nonsignificant association of toxoplasmosis was determined among owned and stray dogs. Among owned dog breeds, Bulldogs showed 28.30% prevalence, and among stray dogs, the highest prevalence was determined in Bhakarwal dogs (39.29%). Young and female dogs showed a slightly higher prevalence of toxoplasmosis than adults and males, respectively. Conclusions: The present study determined by LAT and ELISA in owned dogs showed the same results, while a little variation was found in the stray dogs. It is concluded that both owned and stray dogs are infected with toxoplasmosis in Faisalabad District, and based on this, it is recommended that province-wide epidemiological studies be carried out to examine the prevalence of Toxoplasma and develop policies in order to control toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:49:51Z","timestamp":1667904591000},"page":"1307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Screening of Toxoplasmosis in Owned and Stray Dogs of District Faisalabad, Pakistan through Latex Agglutination and Indirect ELISA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"family":"Hamidullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2796-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8573-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabir","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz Muhammad","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 51600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khurram","family":"Ashfaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Ghazanfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asif Ali","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5769-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahvish","family":"Maqbool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3921-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibtain","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3141-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier Andre","family":"Sparagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0022016","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657000022016","article-title":"Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in mammals, birds and reptiles at the zoological-botanical park in Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Para\u00edba, Brazil","volume":"84","author":"Feitosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. 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