{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T11:10:05Z","timestamp":1778929805588,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81772225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81772225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, results in congenital disorders and miscarriages among livestock and humans worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats in Pakistan from 2000 to 2020. We searched the PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases and selected 17 publications that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Eight studies were conducted in Southern Punjab, six in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, two in Northern Punjab, and one in Central Punjab. The diagnostic tests used in the included articles to confirm toxoplasmosis were the latex agglutination test in 56% of the studies, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 38%, and the indirect hemagglutination assay in 6%. The infection rates were substantially higher among sheep &gt; 1 year of age (37%) than among sheep \u2264 1 year old (19%). Statistically significant differences in infection rates were found between male and female sheep and goats. The overall infection rate by age was also significant among sheep and goats. Sex and age variability between sheep investigations were significant, and sex heterogeneity and age homogeneity were significant among goats. Hence, robust infection control protocols should be implemented to prevent infection in animals and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T02:26:37Z","timestamp":1668392797000},"page":"1331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep and Goats in Pakistan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tanzila","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad 22620, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1183-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman Ayub","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 31261, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aqsa","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad 22620, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhmmad Sohail","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore 22209, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-5949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahir","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Computing and Mathematics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility & Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samia","family":"Wasif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6411-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Ajmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad 22620, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9538-9789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teroj","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Basic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, University of Duhok, AJ Duhok 1006, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Poonch (UOP), Rawlakot 12350, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0382-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haroon","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad 22620, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1974-0047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7","article-title":"The one health approach to toxoplasmosis: Epidemiology, control, and prevention strategies","volume":"16","author":"Aguirre","year":"2019","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.003","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and ovine toxoplasmosis: New aspects of an old story","volume":"149","author":"Buxton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. 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