{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:57:03Z","timestamp":1789621023819,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Assignment, Rospotrebnadzor","award":["075-15-2021-1355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-1355"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2021-1355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-1355"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The circulation of seasonal influenza in 2020\u20132021 around the world was drastically reduced after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of mitigation strategies. The influenza virus circulation reemerged in 2021\u20132022 with the global spread of the new genetic clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2 of A(H3N2) viruses. The purpose of this study was to characterize influenza viruses in the 2021\u20132022 season in Russia and to analyze the receptor specificity properties of the 3C.2a1b.2a.2 A(H3N2) viruses. Clinical influenza samples were collected at the local Sanitary-and-Epidemiological Centers of Rospotrebnadzor. Whole genome sequencing was performed using NGS. The receptor specificity of hemagglutinin was evaluated using molecular modeling and bio-layer interferometry. Clinical samples from 854 cases of influenza A and B were studied; A(H3N2) viruses were in the majority of the samples. All genetically studied A(H3N2) viruses belonged to the new genetic clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2. Molecular modeling analysis suggested a higher affinity of hemagglutinin of 3C.2a1b.2a.2. A(H3N2) viruses to the \u03b12,6 human receptor. In vitro analysis using a trisaccharide 6\u2019-Sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine receptor analog did not resolve the differences in the receptor specificity of 3C.2a1b.2a.2 clade viruses from viruses belonging to the 3C.2a1b.2a.1 clade. Further investigation of the A(H3N2) viruses is required for the evaluation of their possible adaptive advantages. Constant monitoring and characterization of influenza are critical for epidemiological analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:45:57Z","timestamp":1669005957000},"page":"1388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Re-Emergence of Circulation of Seasonal Influenza during COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia and Receptor Specificity of New and Dominant Clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2 A(H3N2) Viruses in 2021\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Natalia P.","family":"Kolosova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2354-7688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana N.","family":"Ilyicheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8807-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasily V.","family":"Unguryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey V.","family":"Danilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana V.","family":"Svyatchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina S.","family":"Onhonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia I.","family":"Goncharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8023-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksim N.","family":"Kosenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey S.","family":"Gudymo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliy Y.","family":"Marchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Shvalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9718-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan M.","family":"Susloparov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana V.","family":"Tregubchak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena V.","family":"Gavrilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinat A.","family":"Maksyutov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander B.","family":"Ryzhikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100015","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other seasonal respiratory virus circulation in Canada: A population-based study","volume":"1","author":"Groves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. 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