{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:23:28Z","timestamp":1791329008476,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["SG-2019-12369531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2019-12369531"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["IG19803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG19803"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["GR-2013-02356747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2013-02356747"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["853057\u2014InflaPML"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["853057\u2014InflaPML"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["017 7E9EPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017 7E9EPY"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara, the Italian Association for Cancer Research","award":["SG-2019-12369531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2019-12369531"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara, the Italian Association for Cancer Research","award":["IG19803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG19803"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara, the Italian Association for Cancer Research","award":["GR-2013-02356747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2013-02356747"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara, the Italian Association for Cancer Research","award":["853057\u2014InflaPML"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["853057\u2014InflaPML"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara, the Italian Association for Cancer Research","award":["017 7E9EPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017 7E9EPY"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["SG-2019-12369531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2019-12369531"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["IG19803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG19803"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["GR-2013-02356747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2013-02356747"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["853057\u2014InflaPML"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["853057\u2014InflaPML"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["017 7E9EPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017 7E9EPY"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["SG-2019-12369531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2019-12369531"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["IG19803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG19803"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["GR-2013-02356747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2013-02356747"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["853057\u2014InflaPML"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["853057\u2014InflaPML"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["017 7E9EPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017 7E9EPY"]}]},{"name":"Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale","award":["SG-2019-12369531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2019-12369531"]}]},{"name":"Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale","award":["IG19803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG19803"]}]},{"name":"Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale","award":["GR-2013-02356747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2013-02356747"]}]},{"name":"Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale","award":["853057\u2014InflaPML"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["853057\u2014InflaPML"]}]},{"name":"Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale","award":["017 7E9EPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017 7E9EPY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two years after its spreading, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still responsible for more than 2000 deaths per day worldwide, despite vaccines and monoclonal antibody countermeasures. Therefore, there is a need to understand the immune\u2013inflammatory pathways that prompt the manifestation of the disease to identify a novel potential target for pharmacological intervention. In this context, the characterization of the main players in the SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm is mandatory. To date, the most characterized have been IL-6 and the class I and II interferons, while less is known about the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1\u03b2 and class III interferons. Here, we report a preliminary study aimed at the characterization of the lung inflammatory context in COVID-19 patients, with a special focus on IFN-\u03bb and IL-1\u03b2. By investigating IFN and inflammatory cytokine patterns by IHC in 10 deceased patients due to COVID-19 infection, compared to 10 control subjects, we reveal that while IFN-\u03b2 production was increased in COVID-19 patients, IFN-\u03bb was almost abolished. At the same time, the levels of IL-1\u03b2 were dramatically improved, while IL-6 lung levels seem to be unaffected by the infection. Our findings highlight a central role of IL-1\u03b2 in prompting lung inflammation after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Together, we show that IFN-\u03bb is negatively affected by viral infection, supporting the idea that IFN-\u03bb administration together with the pharmaceutical blockage of IL-1\u03b2 represents a promising approach to revert the COVID-19-induced cytokine storm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T02:59:22Z","timestamp":1669085962000},"page":"1390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Infection Prompts IL-1\u03b2-Mediated Inflammation and Reduces IFN-\u03bb Expression in Human Lung Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5869-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Vezzani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6459-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Public Health Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"D\u2019Errico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6924-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Papi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2731-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Contoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2494-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648004","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648004","article-title":"Blood Interferon-\u03b1 Levels and Severity, Outcomes, and Inflammatory Profiles in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients","volume":"12","author":"Contoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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