{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:18:03Z","timestamp":1788495483781,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Education and Science","award":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine mastitis is a common disease worldwide, and staphylococci are one of the most important etiological factors of this disease. Staphylococcus aureus show adaptability to new conditions, by which monitoring their virulence and antibiotic resistance mechanisms is extremely important, as it can lead to the development of new therapies and prevention programs. In this study, we analyzed Staphylococcus aureus (n = 28) obtained from dairy cattle with subclinical mastitis in Poland. The sensitivity of the isolated strains to antibiotics were confirmed by the disc diffusion method. Additionally, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined for vancomycin, cefoxitin and oxacillin. Genotyping was performed by two methods: PCR melting profile and MLVF-PCR (multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat fingerprinting). Furthermore, the presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were checked using PCR reactions. The analyzed strains showed the greatest resistance to penicillin (57%), oxytetracycline (25%) and tetracycline (18%). Among the analyzed staphylococci, the presence of 9 of 15 selected virulence-related genes was confirmed, of which the icaD, clfB and sea genes were confirmed in all staphylococci. Biofilm was observed in the great majority of the analyzed bacteria (at least 70%). In the case of genotyping among the analyzed staphylococci (combined analysis of results from two methods), 14 patterns were distinguished, of which type 2 was the dominant one (n = 10). This study provides new data that highlights the importance of the dominance of biofilm over antibiotic resistance among the analyzed strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T09:50:52Z","timestamp":1669197052000},"page":"1404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Staphylococcus aureus from Subclinical Cases of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle in Poland, What Are They Hiding? Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9962-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Kaczorek-\u0141ukowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9693-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Ma\u0142aczewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Sowi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteon Pharmaceuticals, Tylna 3a, 90-364 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Szyma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteon Pharmaceuticals, Tylna 3a, 90-364 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9743-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina Agnieszka","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteon Pharmaceuticals, Tylna 3a, 90-364 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej Krzysztof","family":"Siwicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Li, X., Wang, X., and Li, H. 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