{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:46:10Z","timestamp":1790793970735,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WA 4336\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WA 4336\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) are competent intermediate hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis, are frequently infected with this zoonotic cestode, and have even been proposed as a target species to monitor endemicity levels of this parasite. However, their contribution to maintaining the parasitic lifecycle is still unclear. To obtain data on infection frequency and reproductive potential, 280 muskrats from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were examined for cestode larvae in the years 2013\u20132017. Based on morphological and molecular identification, Echinococcus multilocularis was found at a prevalence of 14.6%. Other metacestodes were Hydatigera kamiyai, with a prevalence of 45.7%, Taenia martis with 8.9%, Taenia polyacantha with 5.0%, and Versteria mustelae, which was found in 0.7% of all muskrats. More than 80% of E. multilocularis-infected muskrats contained fertile metacestodes with a mean number of &gt;300,000 (and up to 1,609,816) protoscoleces, which is by far the highest reproductive potential known from any intermediate host species in Europe. Temporal analysis of E. multilocularis prevalence within the study period (and in comparison with earlier data) strongly indicates a robust increase in the studied area. Host age seemed to be an important risk factor for infection, as well as co-infections with Hydatigera kamiyai. A preference for the right medial lobe of the liver as the location of E. multilocularis metacestode was observed. Intraspecific genetic variation among 89 discrete E. multilocularis metacestodes was non-existent based on 300\u20131590 bp sections of cox1. This is a stark contrast to H. kamiyai, of which nine haplotypes were found on a short 318 bp section of cox1, resulting in genetic diversity in the small country of Luxembourg at a similar level than previously reported from large stretches of Europe and northern Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T02:05:37Z","timestamp":1669341937000},"page":"1414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Echinococcus multilocularis and Other Taeniid Metacestodes of Muskrats in Luxembourg: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Parasite Reproduction, and Genetic Diversity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Matilde","family":"Martini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Dumendiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gagliardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Ragazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2753-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitri","family":"Giunchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Thielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"natur&\u00ebmwelt Fondation H\u00ebllef fir d\u2018Natur, 9753 Heinerscheid, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Romig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Massolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"UMR 6249 CNRS, Chrono-Environnement, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Campus La Bouloie, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Wassermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.006","article-title":"The Echinococcoses: Diagnosis, clinical management and burden of disease","volume":"96","author":"Kern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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