{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:33:40Z","timestamp":1781188420324,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2012\/19154-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/19154-5"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2016\/25745-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/25745-7"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2015\/26159-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/26159-1"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["400267\/2017-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["400267\/2017-9"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["310736\/2018-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310736\/2018-8"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher-Education Personnel Brazil (CAPES)","award":["2012\/19154-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/19154-5"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher-Education Personnel Brazil (CAPES)","award":["2016\/25745-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/25745-7"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher-Education Personnel Brazil (CAPES)","award":["2015\/26159-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/26159-1"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher-Education Personnel Brazil (CAPES)","award":["400267\/2017-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["400267\/2017-9"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher-Education Personnel Brazil (CAPES)","award":["310736\/2018-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310736\/2018-8"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["2012\/19154-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/19154-5"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["2016\/25745-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/25745-7"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["2015\/26159-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/26159-1"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["400267\/2017-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["400267\/2017-9"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["310736\/2018-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310736\/2018-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaesserella parasuis is one of the major pathogens in swine intensive production systems. To date, 15 serovars have been described, and the prevalence of these serotypes in different geographical regions has been identified by several methods. G. parasuis outbreaks could be controlled with vaccination if it were not for serovar diversity and limited cross-serovar protection; consequently, antibiotic therapy continues to be necessary for infection control. Here, we present the isolation, identification, serotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility profiling of G. parasuis from diseased swine in Brazil. A total of 105 G. parasuis strains, originating from nine different Brazilian states, were evaluated, and serotypes 4 and 5 were found to be the most prevalent (27.6% and 24.8% respectively). Aminoglycosides, florfenicol, tiamulin, and \u03b2-lactams were tested, and they presented lower resistant rates against G. parasuis strains. The highest resistance rates were observed against tylosin (97.1%), sulfadimethoxine (89.5%), danofloxacin (80%), trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (62.5%), enrofloxacin (54.3%), and clindamycin (50.5%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 89.5% of tested strains, and a total of sixty resistance profiles were identified. The cluster analysis of resistance patterns showed no correlation with the isolation year or G. parasuis serotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:05:24Z","timestamp":1669781124000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Serotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling of Glaesserella parasuis Isolated from Diseased Swine in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Givago Faria Ribeiro","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Zanolli","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phibro Animal Health Corporation\u2013Av. Pres. Tancredo de Almeida Neves, 1063, S\u00e3o Paulo 071112-070, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2300-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Em\u00edlio Cabrera","family":"Matajira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali Calle 5 #62-00, Vale do Cauca, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawany Miyazaki","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasco T\u00falio Moura","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikaela Renata Funada","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Company of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann J\u00fanior 345, S\u00e3o Paulo 05459-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria In\u00eas Zanolli","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Company of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann J\u00fanior 345, S\u00e3o Paulo 05459-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3290-566X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Micke","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.12.001","article-title":"Haemophilus parasuis: New trends on diagnosis, epidemiology and control","volume":"99","author":"Oliveira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.17.502","article-title":"Protection of vaccinated pigs against experimental infections with homologous and heterologous Haemophilus parasuis","volume":"151","author":"Bak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karriker, L.A., Coetzee, J.F., Friendship, R.M., and Apley, M.D. (2019). Drug pharmacology, therapy, and prophylaxis. Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell. [11th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927.ch10"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.06.010","article-title":"Use of a proposed antimicrobial susceptibility testing method for Haemophilus parasuis","volume":"172","author":"Dayao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201382010003","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus parasuis isolates associated with porcine pneumonia","volume":"82","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-736x2017001100001","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of brazilian Haemophilus parasuis field isolates","volume":"37","author":"Miani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.05.012","article-title":"Distribution of antimicrobial resistance among different serovars of Haemophilus parasuis isolates","volume":"141","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.10.014","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Haemophilus parasuis from pigs in the United Kingdom and Spain","volume":"120","author":"Tucker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300607","article-title":"Development of a PCR test to diagnose Haemophilus parasuis infections","volume":"13","author":"Oliveira","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.12.014","article-title":"Identification of potentially virulent strains of Haemophilus parasuis using a multiplex PCR for virulence-associated autotransporters (vtaA)","volume":"191","author":"Olvera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01991-15","article-title":"Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid molecular serotyping of Haemophilus parasuis","volume":"53","author":"Howell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01403-16","article-title":"Towards a standardized method for broth microdilution susceptibility testing of Haemophilus parasuis","volume":"55","author":"Turni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2020). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [5th ed.]. CLSI Supplement VET01S."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq037","article-title":"Editorial: Assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria obtained from animals","volume":"65","author":"Schwarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"268","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect Off. Public Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2022). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [32nd ed.]. CLSI supplement M100."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Feng, Y., and Zong, Z. (2017). In vitro activity of neomycin, streptomycin, paromomycin and apramycin against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae clinical strains. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02275"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"R\u00f8nne, H., and Szancer, J. (1990, January 1\u20135). In Vitro Susceptibility of Danish Field Isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae to chemotherapeutics in Swine Dysentery (SD) Therapy. Interpretation of MIC Results Based on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Antibacterial Agents. Proceedings of the 11th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Swiss Association of Swine Medicine, Berne, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.04.006","article-title":"Characterization of Haemophilus parasuis isolated from Brazilian swine through serotyping, AFLP and PFGE","volume":"92","author":"Castilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.032","article-title":"Effect of enrofloxacin on Haemophilus parasuis infection, disease, and immune response","volume":"199","author":"Macedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000400025","article-title":"ERIC-PCR genotypic characterization of Haemophilus parasuis isolated from Brazilian swine","volume":"42","author":"Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esp\u00edndola, J.P., Balbinott, N., Gressler, L.T., Machado, G., Klein, C.S., Rebelatto, R., Mart\u00edn, C.B.G., Kreutz, L.C., Schryvers, A.B., and Frandoloso, R. (2019). Molecular serotyping of clinical strains of Haemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuis brings new insights regarding Gl\u00e4sser\u2019s disease outbreaks in Brazil. PeerJ, 7.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6817"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01326.x","article-title":"Haemophilus parasuis serovars isolated from pathological samples in Northern Italy","volume":"60","author":"Luppi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuwerk, L., Hoeltig, D., Waldmann, K.H., Strutzberg-Minder, K., Valentin-Weigand, P., and Rohde, J. (2020). Serotyping and pathotyping of Glaesserella parasuis isolated 2012\u20132019 in Germany comparing different PCR-based methods. Vet. Res., 51.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00862-1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.02.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus parasuis and Histophilus somni from pigs and cattle in Denmark","volume":"101","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Guo, L., Li, J., Huang, X., and Fang, B. (2018). Characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes in Haemophilus parasuis isolated from pigs in China. PeerJ., 4.","DOI":"10.7287\/peerj.preprints.3386v1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutra, M.C., Moreno, L.Z., Dias, R.A., and Moreno, A.M. (2021). Antimicrobial use in Brazilian Swine Herds: Assessment of Use and Reduction Examples. Microorganism, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040881"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.02.017","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus parasuis isolates from Germany by use of a proposed standard method for harmonized testing","volume":"217","author":"Brogden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv230","article-title":"Characterization of a novel small plasmid carrying the florfenicol resistance gene floR in Haemophilus parasuis","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.04.019","article-title":"Identification of a multiple drug-resistance gene island in the Haemophilus parasuis chromosome","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa-Hurtado, M., Barba-Vidal, E., Maldonado, J., and Aragon, V. (2020). Update on Gl\u00e4sser\u2019s disease: How to control the disease under restrictive use of antimicrobials. Vet. Microbiol., 242.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108595"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correa-Fiz, F., Gon\u00e7alves dos Santos, J.M., Illas, F., and Aragon, V. (2019). Antimicrobial removal on piglets promotes health and higher bacterial diversity in the nasal microbiota. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43022-y"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/12\/1443\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:30:05Z","timestamp":1760146205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/12\/1443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11121443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11121443","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]}}}