{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:22:57Z","timestamp":1790623377861,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"St George &amp; Sutherland Medical Research Foundation Microbiome Research Centre","award":["2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research suggests that dysbiosis of the oral microbial community is associated with head and neck cancer (HNC). It remains unclear whether this dysbiosis causes chemo-radiotherapy (CRT)-related complications. However, to address this question, it is essential to determine the most representative oral site for microbiome sampling. In this study, our purpose was to determine the optimal site for oral sample collection and whether the presence of HNC is associated with altered oral microbiome from this site. In 21 newly diagnosed HNC patients and 27 healthy controls, microbiome samples were collected from saliva, swabs from buccal mucosa, tongue, hard palate, faucial pillars and all mucosal sites combined. Microbial DNA was extracted and underwent 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing. In healthy controls, analysis of observed taxonomic units detected differences in alpha- and beta-diversity between sampling sites. Saliva was found to have the highest intra-community microbial diversity and lowest within-subject (temporal) and between-subject variance. Feature intersection showed that most species were shared between all sites, with saliva demonstrating the most unique species as well as highest overlap with other sites. In HNC patients, saliva was found to have the highest diversity but differences between sites were not statistically significant. Across all sites, HNC patients had lower alpha diversity than healthy controls. Beta-diversity analysis showed HNC patients\u2019 microbiome to be compositionally distinct from healthy controls. This pattern was confirmed when the salivary microbiome was considered alone. HNC patients exhibited reduced diversity of the oral microbiome. Salivary samples demonstrate temporal stability, have the richest diversity and are sufficient to detect perturbation due to presence of HNC. Hence, they can be used as representative oral samples for microbiome studies in HNC patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T04:30:00Z","timestamp":1671165000000},"page":"1550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Dysbiosis in Head and Neck Cancer: Determining Optimal Sampling Site for Oral Microbiome Collection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9981-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dheeraj","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Szczesniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9326-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Maclean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Speech Pathology, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2076-4361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, UNSW, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, UNSW, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4957-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0011-3924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"El-Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, UNSW, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St George Hospital, Sydney 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002","article-title":"Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"45","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral. 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