{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:57:05Z","timestamp":1789804625894,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"(Adefolake A. Bankole)\u2019s Ph.D. school"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite increasing reports of tick-borne diseases in Africa, remarkably, reports of tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) in Nigeria are lacking. Ornithodoros savignyi from Nigeria have been reported with the relapsing fever Candidatus Borrelia kalaharica. Conversely, in Ethiopia, the agent of relapsing fever is the louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) spirochaete Borrelia recurrentis with no TBRF reported to occur. A total of 389 Ornithodoros ticks, Ethiopia (N = 312) and Nigeria (N = 77), were sampled, together with 350 cattle, and 200 goat sera were collected from Nigeria. Samples were screened for Borrelia spp. by RT-PCR. Reactive samples were confirmed, then sequenced using flagellin B, 16S rRNA, and 16S\u201323S intergenic spacer region. The prevalence of Borrelia spp. in livestock was 3.8% (21\/550) and 14% (3\/21) after final molecular confirmation. Of 312 ticks from Ethiopia, 3.5% (11\/312) were positive for Borrelia, with 36% (4\/11) by conventional PCR. Sequencing revealed that the borreliae in soft ticks was C. B. kalaharica, whilst that found in animals was Borrelia theileri. Soft ticks were confirmed by sequencing 7% (22\/312) and 12% (9\/77) of the Ethiopian and Nigerian ticks, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these were Ornithodoros savignyi. This is the first evidence of C. B. kalaharica in Ethiopia and demonstrates the co-existence of TBRF in a country endemic to LBRF. Important, this might cause a diagnostic challenge given that LBRF is predominantly diagnosed by microscopy, which cannot differentiate these two spirochaetes. Furthermore, we report B. theileri in ruminants in Nigeria, which may also be of veterinary and economic importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T04:08:07Z","timestamp":1672805287000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever Spirochaetes from Ethiopia and Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2621-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adefolake A.","family":"Bankole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, School of Health, Sport & Bioscience, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4737-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bersissa","family":"Kumsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4200-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gezahegne","family":"Mamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology, and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine & Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ndudim I.","family":"Ogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Investigation Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nusirat","family":"Elelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winston","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, School of Health, Sport & Bioscience, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3429-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally J.","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, School of Health, Sport & Bioscience, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.08.016","article-title":"Borrelia infection in small mammals in West Africa and its relationship with tick occurrence inside burrows","volume":"152","author":"Diatta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000054676","article-title":"Borrelia crocidurae localization and transmission in Ornithodoros erraticus and O. savignyi","volume":"88","author":"Gaber","year":"1984","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1086\/319347","article-title":"Ticks and Tickborne Bacterial Diseases in Humans: An Emerging Infectious Threat","volume":"32","author":"Parola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. 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