{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:03:53Z","timestamp":1784761433933,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella enterica is among the most common causes of foodborne outbreaks in humans in Europe. The global emergence of resistance to antimicrobials calls for close monitoring of the spread and prevalence of resistant Salmonella strains. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes isolated from humans between 2012 and 2021 in Piedmont, northwest Italy. A total of 4814 Salmonella strains (168 serotypes) were tested against six classes of antimicrobials. Many strains (83.3%) showed resistance to at least one antibiotic: tetracycline (85.1%), ampicillin (79.2%), quinolones (47.4%), and gentamicin (28.4%). Between the first (2012\u20132016) and the second study period (2017\u20132021), a decrease in antimicrobial resistance was noted for tetracycline (from 92.4% to 75.3%), ampicillin (from 85.3% to 71.3%), quinolones (from 49.4% to 44.6%), and cefotaxime (from 34.8% to 4.0%). Many multidrug resistant Salmonella strains (43.6%) belonged to S. ser. Typhimurium, S. ser. Infantis, and S. ser. Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Overall, multidrug resistance decreased from 60.7% to 26.4%, indicating a reduction in the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains in Piedmont and in Europe and demonstrating the effectiveness of the measures that were put in place to reduce antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T05:29:48Z","timestamp":1672896588000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Serotypes Isolated from Humans in Northwest Italy, 2012\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Pitti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Riferimento per la Tipizzazione delle Salmonelle, CeRTiS, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Garcia-Vozmediano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S.S. Rischi Alimentari ed Epidemiologia degli Alimenti (REA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Tramuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Riferimento per la Tipizzazione delle Salmonelle, CeRTiS, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"CeRTiS Clinical Laboratories Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3481-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Maurella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S.S. Rischi Alimentari ed Epidemiologia degli Alimenti (REA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Decastelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Riferimento per la Tipizzazione delle Salmonelle, CeRTiS, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2021). The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonosis Report. EFSA J., 19, 6971.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6971"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2022, December 27). Salmonellosis. ECDC Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/salmonellosis-annual-epidemiological-report-2021."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"391","article-title":"Same species, different diseases: How and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ","volume":"5","author":"Boyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.2.244","article-title":"Typhoid fever complicated by intestinal perforation: A persisting fatal disease requiring surgical management","volume":"7","author":"Butler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy846","article-title":"Progress in Typhoid Fever Epidemiology","volume":"68","author":"Crump","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232008000500031","article-title":"Salmonella spp., important pathogenic agent transmitted through foodstuffs","volume":"13","author":"Shinohara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2010.02297.x","article-title":"Fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicles for the transmission of human pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5644\/ama2006-124.315","article-title":"Epidemiological Data, Serovar Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Species in Children, Greece 2011\u20132017: A Retrospective Study","volume":"49","author":"Grivas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Med. Acad."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.06.029","article-title":"Incidence of non-typhoidal Salmonella invasive disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Marchello","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.12186","article-title":"A systemic review of literatures on human Salmonella enterica serovars in Nigeria (1999\u20132018)","volume":"15","author":"Akinyemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.102","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease","volume":"33","author":"Kariuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2022). The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2019\/2020. EFSA J., 20, 7209.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7209"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kauffmann-White and Le Minor (1984). Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars. Bergey\u2019s Man. Syst. Bacteriol., 1, 429\u2013445. Available online: https:\/\/www.pasteur.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/veng_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O255","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12373","article-title":"Development of the EUCAST disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing method and its implementation in routine microbiology laboratories","volume":"20","author":"Matuschek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2021). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters, Version 11.0, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2012). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twenty-Second Informational Supplement (Standard No. CLSI Document M100-S22)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2014). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twenty-Third Informational Supplement (Standard No. CLSI Document M100-S23)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"StataCorp LLC (2019). Stata Statistical Software, Release 16, StataCorp LLC."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780040112","article-title":"A Wilcoxon-type test for trend","volume":"4","author":"Cuzick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breurec, S., Reynaud, Y., Thierry, F., Farra, A., Costilhes, G., Weill, F.X., and Le Hello, S. (2019). Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of human Salmonella enterica in Bangui, Central African Republic, from 2004 to 2013. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007917"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.09.021","article-title":"Prevalence, serotyping and antimicrobials resistance mechanism of Salmonella enterica isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Saudi Arabia","volume":"48","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04203-14","article-title":"Trends in Serotype distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptybility in Salmonella enterica Isolates from Humans in Belgium, 2009 to 2013","volume":"59","author":"Ceyssens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00715","article-title":"A Comparative Genomic Analysis Provides Novel Insights Into the Ecological Success of the Monophasic Salmonella Serovar 4,[5],12:i:-","volume":"17","author":"Mastrorilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"941","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of invasive non-typhoid Salmonella infection","volume":"26","author":"Pijnacker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.004","article-title":"Invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis in immunocompetent infants and children","volume":"11","author":"Galanakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1086\/588823","article-title":"Salmonellosis outcomes differ substantially by serotype","volume":"198","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-019-00052-y","article-title":"Salmonella isolates from urine cultures: Serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in hospital settings","volume":"50","author":"Cecconi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.2.388","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of urinary tract infections due on nontyphoidal Salmonella species","volume":"23","author":"Ramos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804002717","article-title":"Salmonella bacteriuria: An increasing entity in elderly women in the United States","volume":"132","author":"Sivapalasingam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1159\/000282362","article-title":"Urinary tract infection caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella: Report of 30 cases","volume":"48","author":"Allerberger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peruzy, M.F., Capuano, F., Proroga, Y.T.R., Cristiano, D., Carullo, M.R., and Murru, N. (2020). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Food Samples: Five-Year Monitoring (2015\u20132019). Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070365"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt469","article-title":"Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in human non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from England and Wales, 2010\u20132012","volume":"69","author":"Burke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377\/90 of 26 June 1990 laying down a Community procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin","volume":"224","author":"Regulation","year":"1990","journal-title":"Off. JL"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.10.013","article-title":"Associations between a decreased veterinary antimicrobial use and resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from Belgian livestock species (2011\u20132015)","volume":"157","author":"Callens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2021). Third joint inter-agency report on integrated analysis of consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals in the EU\/EEA\u2014JIACRA III 2016\u20132018. EFSA J., 19, 6712.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6712"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-015-0407-x","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains from food of animal origin in southern Italy","volume":"61","author":"Proroga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/1\/89\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:00:01Z","timestamp":1760119201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/1\/89"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12010089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12010089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}}}