{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:32:23Z","timestamp":1791919943258,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide distributed protozoan parasite. This apicomplexan parasite infects one-third of the population worldwide, causing toxoplasmosis, considered one of the neglected parasitic infections. In healthy humans, most infections are asymptomatic. However, in immunocompromised patients, the course of the disease can be life-threatening. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients have a very high burden of Toxoplasma gondii co-infection. Thus, it is essential to use modern, sensitive, and specific methods to properly monitor the course of toxoplasmosis in immunodeficient patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T06:38:27Z","timestamp":1673246307000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Advances and Challenges in Diagnostics of Toxoplasmosis in HIV-Infected Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Weso\u0142owski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1640-9196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Paw\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2837-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Smogu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8123-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Szewczyk-Golec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szewczyk-Golec, K., Paw\u0142owska, M., Weso\u0142owski, R., Wr\u00f3blewski, M., and Mila-Kierzenkowska, C. (2021). Oxidative Stress as a Possible Target in the Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Perspectives and Ambiguities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115705"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-017-0048-7","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis Seroprevalence in Iranian Women and Risk Factors of the Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Mizani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-022-00052-w","article-title":"MIC17A Is a Novel Diagnostic Marker for Feline Toxoplasmosis","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0016.0045","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondi in People at an Increased Risk of HIVinfection\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"58","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn Lab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.04.001","article-title":"Relevance of and New Developments in Serology for Toxoplasmosis","volume":"32","author":"Dard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.181565","article-title":"Patterns of Transmission and Sources of Infection in Outbreaks of Human Toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Caldart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nzelu, I.N., Kwaga, J.K.P., Kabir, J., Lawal, I.A., Beazley, C., Evans, L., and Blake, D.P. (2021). Detection and Genetic Characterisation of Toxoplasma Gondii Circulating in Free-Range Chickens, Pigs and Seropositive Pregnant Women in Benue State, Nigeria. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009458"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14214","article-title":"Epidemiological Study of Toxoplasmosis Outbreaks in Brazil","volume":"69","author":"Balbino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.06.012","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Associated Factors of Toxoplasma Gondii among HIV-Infected Patients in Tokyo: A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"26","author":"Hoshina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa198","article-title":"Male-to-Female Presumed Transmission of Toxoplasmosis Between Sexual Partners","volume":"190","author":"Flegr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.10.034","article-title":"Presence of Toxoplasma Gondii Tissue Cysts in Human Semen: Toxoplasmosis as a Potential Sexually Transmissible Infection","volume":"86","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109725","article-title":"Oral Sex: A New, and Possibly the Most Dangerous, Route of Toxoplasmosis Transmission","volume":"141","author":"Flegr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.01.005","article-title":"Advances in the Development of Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Vaccines: Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101414","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii Surface Antigen 1 (SAG1) as a Potential Candidate to Develop Vaccine against Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"69","author":"Pagheh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, K.-B., and Quan, F.-S. (2021). Advances in Toxoplasma Gondii Vaccines: Current Strategies and Challenges for Vaccine Development. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050413"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1568792","article-title":"High Burden and Low Awareness of Toxoplasmosis in the United States","volume":"131","author":"Connolly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, E.E., Nyasa, R.B., Ndi, E.M., Zofou, D., Kwenti, T.E., Lepezeu, E.P., Titanji, V.P.K., and Ndip, R.N. (2021). Investigating the Risk Factors for Seroprevalence and the Correlation between CD4+ T-Cell Count and Humoral Antibody Responses to Toxoplasma Gondii Infection amongst HIV Patients in the Bamenda Health District, Cameroon. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256947"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"31","article-title":"Coinfection of Toxoplasma Gondii and Intestinal Parasites among Elderly Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"6","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elder. Health J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy058","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy058","article-title":"Symptomatic Acute Toxoplasmosis in Returning Travelers","volume":"5","author":"Palestine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018012","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2018.012","article-title":"Disseminated Toxoplasmosis in a Patient with Advanced Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Pastorello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autops. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.190817","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in HIV Infection: An Overview","volume":"6","author":"Basavaraju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1111-3","article-title":"Advances in Serological, Imaging Techniques and Molecular Diagnosis of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection","volume":"46","author":"Rostami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580425","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.580425","article-title":"Influence of the Host and Parasite Strain on the Immune Response During Toxoplasma Infection","volume":"10","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00242","article-title":"Advances and Challenges in Understanding Cerebral Toxoplasmosis","volume":"10","author":"Barragan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"435","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Germany: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, and Treatment","volume":"116","author":"Pleyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rzteblatt Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15035","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.35","article-title":"HIV Infection","volume":"1","author":"Deeks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.2174\/156802661930200103091335","article-title":"A Brief Overview on HIV Infection, Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"19","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00580","article-title":"Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections","volume":"8","author":"Karthigeyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, C.-Y., Adan, M., and Maldarelli, F. (2021). Why the HIV Reservoir Never Runs Dry: Clonal Expansion and the Characteristics of HIV-Infected Cells Challenge Strategies to Cure and Control HIV Infection. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122512"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809811","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.809811","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of HIV With Toxoplasmosis Encephalopathy with Progressive Memory Loss as the Initial Symptom: A Case Report","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63849-6.00009-8","article-title":"Central Nervous System Infection with Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"Volume 152","author":"Marra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001253","article-title":"Incidence, Immunological and Clinical Characteristics of Reactivation of Latent Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"143","author":"Kodym","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03680-2","article-title":"Serological and Molecular Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Toxoplasma Infection in Humans and Animals","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00136","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii: CD8 T Cells Cry for CD4 Help","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2014.12.009","article-title":"Seroprevalence of TORCH Infections in Antenatal and HIV Positive Patient Populations","volume":"71","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12696","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12696","article-title":"Plasma Extracellular MicroRNAs Are Related to AIDS\/Cerebral Toxoplasmosis Co-infection","volume":"42","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001598","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma Gondii in Iranian HIV Positive Patients Using Multilocus Nested-PCR-RFLP Method","volume":"147","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, E., Yassin, M., Anan, K., Omer, A., Elsir, M.A., ElHussein, A.M., Abdalkareem, A., and Mansour, O. (2021). Sero-Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection among HIV-Positive Patients in Khartoum: A Cross Sectional Study. Int. J. Sci. Res. Sci. Technol., 125\u2013131.","DOI":"10.32628\/IJSRST218524"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818002947","article-title":"Human Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review for Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma Gondii in Clinical Samples","volume":"147","author":"Hosseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis and Typing of Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liyanage, K.L.D.T.D., Wiethoelter, A., Hufschmid, J., and Jabbar, A. (2021). Descriptive Comparison of ELISAs for the Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in Animals: A Systematic Review. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050605"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.12.022","article-title":"A Novel Chemiluminescent Immunoassay Based on Original Acridinium Ester Labels as Better Solution for Diagnosis of Human Toxoplasmosis than Conventional ELISA Test","volume":"91","author":"Ferra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106255","article-title":"Direct Enzyme-Linked Aptamer Assay (DELAA) for Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis by Detection of SAG1 Protein in Mice and Humans","volume":"226","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"SELEX-Based Direct Enzyme-Linked Aptamer Assay (DELAA) for Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis by Detection of SAG1 Antigen in Sera of Mice and Humans","volume":"2021","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Square"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115733","article-title":"Frequency of Natural Antibodies and Concordance Analysis for Anti-TOXOPLASMA IgM Tests in Colombian Sera of Pregnant Women","volume":"103","author":"Plazas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez, M.D.L.L., Charles-Ni\u00f1o, C., Pedroza-Rold\u00e1n, C., Salazar-Reveles, C., Ocampo-Figueroa, K.L., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, L.R., and Paez-Magall\u00e1n, V.M. (2022). Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Measured by Western Blot, ELISA and DNA Analysis, by PCR, in Cats of Western Mexico. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010109"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-018-1063-2","article-title":"Validity of a New Immunochromatographic Test in Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii in Cancer Patients","volume":"4","author":"Wassef","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1358-4","article-title":"Comparison of Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test and Modified Agglutination Test for Detecting Toxoplasma Gondii Immunoglobulin G Antibodies in Dog and Cat","volume":"105","author":"Sala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00505-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00505-20","article-title":"Role of Toxoplasma Gondii IgG Avidity Testing in Discriminating between Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy","volume":"58","author":"Teimouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719868753","article-title":"Comparison of Indirect and Modified Agglutination Tests for Detection of Antibodies to Toxoplasma Gondii in Domestic Cats","volume":"31","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00115-22","article-title":"Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Performance of Four IgG and IgM Automated Assays at Birth in a Tricentric Evaluation","volume":"60","author":"Avignon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbar, H., Shabbir, M.Z., Ullah, U., and Rashid, M.I. (2021). Development of Human Toxo IgG ELISA Kit, and False-Positivity of Latex Agglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091111"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00204","article-title":"Review on the Current Trends of Toxoplasmosis Serodiagnosis in Humans","volume":"10","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00115-19","article-title":"Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis","volume":"34","author":"Elsheikha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11215","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b02154","article-title":"Detection of Anti- Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in Human Sera Using Synthetic Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Glycans on a Bead-Based Multiplex Assay","volume":"91","author":"Garg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04244-6","article-title":"Fluorescent Bead-Based Serological Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Chickens","volume":"13","author":"Fabian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0920","article-title":"Development of a Novel Protocol Based on Blood Clot to Improve the Sensitivity of QPCR Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii in Peripheral Blood Specimens","volume":"100","author":"Ferradas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.009","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis after Allogeneic Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation\u2014Disease Burden and Approaches to Diagnosis, Prevention and Management in Adults and Children","volume":"27","author":"Rauwolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107809","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) vs QPCR for Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii Oocysts DNA in Mussels","volume":"208","author":"Durand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63e","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","article-title":"Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification of DNA","volume":"28","author":"Notomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107869","article-title":"Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) of Toxoplasma DNA from Dried Blood Spots","volume":"211","author":"Hegazy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.02.014","article-title":"Comparison of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and Nested-PCR Assay Targeting the RE and B1 Gene for Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii in Blood Samples of Children with Leukaemia","volume":"79","author":"Fallahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"10","article-title":"Comparison of a Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA) and Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Methods for Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii in Rat Blood Samples","volume":"1","author":"Norouzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02108","article-title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Genotypes of Toxoplasma Gondii in Food Animals and Humans (2000\u20132017) From China","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06473-w","article-title":"Food Safety Assessment and Risk for Toxoplasmosis in School Restaurants in Armenia, Colombia","volume":"118","author":"Luna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-M., Zhang, Y.-Y., Wang, L., Wang, H.-Y., Li, C.-H., Jiang, Y.-H., and Sun, W.-W. (2022). Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in Raw Milk and Sera of Cows in China. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101079"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Zheng, W., Yang, J., Qi, T., He, Y., Chen, W., Ma, H., Sun, Y., Li, Y., and Kang, M. (2021). Seroprevalence and Epidemiology of Toxoplasma Gondii in Animals in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area, China. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040432"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1749","article-title":"Molecular and Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Goats\u2019 Blood and Milk in Iraq","volume":"77","author":"Razooqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1262-1265","article-title":"Occurrence of Toxoplasma Gondii in Raw Goat, Sheep, and Camel Milk in Upper Egypt","volume":"11","author":"Saad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, P.-J., Planas, N., and Llobat, L. (2022). Toxoplasma Gondii in Foods: Prevalence, Control, and Safety. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11162542"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-022-00623-4","article-title":"A Serological Survey of Toxoplasma Gondii in Polish Pigs from Organic Farms, Other Housing Systems and in Pigs of Different Age Groups","volume":"64","author":"Puchalska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783654","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.783654","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Among High-Risk Populations in Jiangsu Province, Eastern China","volume":"11","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108636","article-title":"A Novel Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Echinococcus Multilocularis, Toxoplasma Gondii, and Cyclospora Cayetanensis on Berries","volume":"125","author":"Temesgen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Concentric and Eccentric Target MRI Signs in a Case of HIV-Associated Cerebral Toxoplasmosis","volume":"2018","author":"Roche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Neurol. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"4","article-title":"Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Characteristics of HIV Patients with Cerebral Toxoplasmosis at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan","volume":"32","author":"Kadri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Kedokt. Brawijaya"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01444.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Pregnancy: Opportunities and Pitfalls of Serological Diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Sensini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.30699\/ijp.14.1.68","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies and DNA in Iranian HIV Patients","volume":"14","author":"Bavand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.08.001","article-title":"Elevated Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii in AIDS\/HIV Patients: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"176","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Liu, Y., and Wen, Y. (2022). Primary Toxoplasma Gondii Infection-Associated with Hemophagocytic Syndrome in a Man with HIV Infection: A Case Report. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-07022-6"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104549","article-title":"The Prevalence of Latent and Acute Toxoplasmosis in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"149","author":"Esfandyari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawe\u0142czyk, A., Bednarska, M., Caraballo Cort\u00e9s, K., Glamkowska-Sady, M., Kowalska, J., Uszy\u0144ska-Ka\u0142u\u017ca, B., Radkowski, M., and Welc-Fal\u0119ciak, R. (2022). Seronegative Infection with Toxoplasma Gondii in Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Patients and in Blood Donors. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030638"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02091.x","article-title":"Prevention of Toxoplasmosis in Transplant Patients","volume":"14","author":"Derouin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018016","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2018016","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Hemodialysis Patients in Iran","volume":"40","author":"Foroutan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"9","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii in Acute and Chronic Phases of Infection in Immunocompromised Patients and Pregnant Women with Real-Time PCR Assay Using TaqMan Fluorescent Probe","volume":"13","author":"Mousavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1983","article-title":"Development of High Resolution Melting Analysis as a Diag-Nostic Tool for Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma Infection in Pregnant Women and HIV Positive Cases","volume":"49","author":"Shojaee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2022, November 27). Zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego AIDS [Recommendations of the Polish AIDS Scientific Society] 2022. Available online: http:\/\/www.ptnaids.pl\/images\/pliki\/zalecenia_2022_internet_OK.pdf."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2022, December 28). Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV: Toxoplasma Gondii Encephalitis by NIH Clinical Info.gov 2022, Available online: https:\/\/clinicalinfo.hiv.gov\/en\/guidelines\/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections\/toxoplasma-gondii."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232595821986731","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958219867315","article-title":"HIV-Related Cerebral Toxoplasmosis Revisited: Current Concepts and Controversies of an Old Disease","volume":"18","author":"Vidal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Provid. AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C.-X., Ai, K., Huang, C.-Q., Guo, J.-J., Cong, H., He, S.-Y., and Zhu, X.-Q. (2020). MiRNA and CircRNA Expression Patterns in Mouse Brain during Toxoplasmosis Development. BMC Genom., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6464-9"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in HIV-Infected Patients: A Review","volume":"2022","author":"Dian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Bernalt Diego, J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Soto, P., Febrer-Sendra, B., Crego-Vicente, B., and Muro, A. (2021). Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification in Schistosomiasis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030511"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, U., and Aydin-Schmidt, B. (2021). Performance and Application of Commercially Available Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Kits in Malaria Endemic and Non-Endemic Settings. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020336"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07118-7","article-title":"Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay Based on RoTat1.2 Gene for Detection of Trypanosoma Evansi in Domesticated Animals","volume":"120","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18765-w","article-title":"Distance-Based Paper Device Using Combined SYBR Safe and Gold Nanoparticle Probe LAMP Assay to Detect Leishmania among Patients with HIV","volume":"12","author":"Saengsawang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/1\/110\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:29Z","timestamp":1760119469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/1\/110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12010110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12010110","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]}}}