{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:51:20Z","timestamp":1784566280964,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks and tick-borne pathogens pose a significant threat to the health and welfare of humans and animals. Our knowledge about pathogens carried by ticks of Australian wildlife is limited. This study aimed to characterise ticks and tick-borne microorganisms from a range of wildlife species across six sites in Victoria, Australia. Following morphological and molecular characterisation (targeting 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase I), tick DNA extracts (n = 140) were subjected to microfluidic real-time PCR-based screening for the detection of microorganisms and Rickettsia-specific real-time qPCRs. Five species of ixodid ticks were identified, including Aponomma auruginans, Ixodes (I.) antechini, I. kohlsi, I. tasmani and I. trichosuri. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA sequences of I. tasmani revealed two subclades, indicating a potential cryptic species. The microfluidic real-time PCR detected seven different microorganisms as a single (in 13\/45 ticks) or multiple infections (27\/45). The most common microorganisms detected were Apicomplexa (84.4%, 38\/45) followed by Rickettsia sp. (55.6%, 25\/45), Theileria sp. (22.2% 10\/45), Bartonella sp. (17.8%, 8\/45), Coxiella-like sp. (6.7%, 3\/45), Hepatozoon sp. (2.2%, 1\/45), and Ehrlichia sp. (2.2%, 1\/45). Phylogenetic analyses of four Rickettsia loci showed that the Rickettsia isolates detected herein potentially belonged to a novel species of Rickettsia. This study demonstrated that ticks of Australian wildlife carry a diverse array of microorganisms. Given the direct and indirect human\u2013wildlife\u2013livestock interactions, there is a need to adopt a One Health approach for continuous surveillance of tick-associated pathogens\/microorganisms to minimise the associated threats to animal and human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T05:36:55Z","timestamp":1673933815000},"page":"153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Unravelling the Diversity of Microorganisms in Ticks from Australian Wildlife"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7714-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Ghafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mythili","family":"Tadepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Breidahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Death","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Haros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Dann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Park, P.O. Box 97, Cowes, VIC 3922, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cabezas-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Moutailler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lique","family":"Foucault-Simonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5097-2164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles G.","family":"Gauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5465-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Stenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9427-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin","family":"Hufschmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8888-0046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chapman, A.D. (2009). Number of Living Species in Australia and the World, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. [2nd ed.]. Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.006","article-title":"Biology of ticks","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005967","article-title":"The global importance of ticks","volume":"129","author":"Jongejan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-0966-4","article-title":"Disease vectors in the era of next generation sequencing","volume":"17","author":"Rinker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wikel, S. (2018). Ticks and tick-borne infections: Complex ecology, agents, and host interactions. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5020060"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-052720-094533","article-title":"The impacts of climate change on ticks and tick-borne disease risk","volume":"66","author":"Gilbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.012","article-title":"Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: Emerging scenarios and new perspectives","volume":"182","author":"Colwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140051","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0051","article-title":"Climate change and Ixodes tick-borne diseases of humans","volume":"370","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrell, A., and Brinkerhoff, R. (2018). Using landscape analysis to test hypotheses about drivers of tick abundance and infection prevalence with Borrelia burgdorferi. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040737"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1071\/MA05076","article-title":"The impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on native animal species in Australia","volume":"26","author":"Vilcins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol. Aust."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x","article-title":"Effect of forest fragmentation on Lyme Disease risk","volume":"17","author":"Allan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2389","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14581","article-title":"Metatranscriptomic profiling reveals diverse tick-borne bacteria, protozoans, and viruses in ticks and wildlife from Australia","volume":"69","author":"Gofton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.03.003","article-title":"Is there a Lyme-like disease in Australia? Summary of the findings to date","volume":"2","author":"Chalada","year":"2016","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1946.tb34304.x","article-title":"Tick typhus in North Queensland","volume":"2","author":"Andrew","year":"1946","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, A., Armstrong, M., Graves, S., and Hajkowicz, K. (2017). Epidemiology and characteristics of Rickettsia australis (Queensland tick typhus) infection in hospitalized patients in North Brisbane, Australia. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2020010"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-9571(93)90149-Y","article-title":"Spotted fever group rickettsial infection in south-eastern Australia: Isolation of Rickettsiae","volume":"16","author":"Graves","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1304.050087","article-title":"Flinders Island spotted fever rickettsioses caused by \u201cmarmionii\u201d strain of Rickettsia honei, Eastern Australia","volume":"13","author":"Unsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadepalli, M., Vincent, G., Hii, S.F., Watharow, S., Graves, S., and Stenos, J. (2021). Molecular evidence of novel spotted fever group Rickettsia species in Amblyomma albolimbatum ticks from the shingleback skink (Tiliqua rugosa) in southern western Australia. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010035"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0132","article-title":"Bartonella-like DNA detected in Ixodes tasmani ticks (Acari: Ixodida) infesting Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in Victoria, Australia","volume":"9","author":"Vilcins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.12.003","article-title":"Candidatus Bartonella antechini: A novel Bartonella species detected in fleas and ticks from the yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes), an Australian marsupial","volume":"149","author":"Kaewmongkol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00003","article-title":"Human tick-borne diseases in Australia","volume":"9","author":"Dehhaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2775-y","article-title":"Endemic, exotic and novel apicomplexan parasites detected during a national study of ticks from companion animals in Australia","volume":"11","author":"Greay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2018.05.005","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of piroplasms in ticks from small and medium-sized urban and peri-urban mammals in Australia","volume":"7","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.12.012","article-title":"Molecular detection and characterisation of Babesia and Theileria in Australian hard ticks","volume":"9","author":"Mitrovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04565-6","article-title":"Morphological identification of ticks and molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens from bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)","volume":"14","author":"Beard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2579-5","article-title":"Reptile-associated Borrelia species in the goanna tick (Bothriocroton undatum) from Sydney, Australia","volume":"10","author":"Panetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.05.009","article-title":"Detection and phylogenetic characterisation of novel Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in Amblyomma triguttatum subsp. from four allopatric populations in Australia","volume":"8","author":"Gofton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.12.011","article-title":"A novel Ehrlichia species in blood and Ixodes ornithorhynchi ticks from platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia","volume":"9","author":"Gofton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101407","article-title":"Bacterial community profiling highlights complex diversity and novel organisms in wildlife ticks","volume":"11","author":"Egan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001344","article-title":"Phylogenetic characterisation of two novel Anaplasmataceae from Australian Ixodes holocyclus ticks: \u2018Candidatus Neoehrlichia australis\u2019 and \u2018Candidatus Neoehrlichia arcana\u2019","volume":"66","author":"Gofton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3868-9","article-title":"Discovery of a novel iflavirus sequence in the eastern paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus","volume":"163","author":"Deliyannis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01358-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01358-18","article-title":"Extensive diversity of RNA viruses in Australian ticks","volume":"93","author":"Harvey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moutailler, S., Valiente Moro, C., Vaumourin, E., Michelet, L., Tran, F.H., Devillers, E., Cosson, J.-F., Gasqui, P., Van, V.T., and Mavingui, P. (2016). Co-infection of ticks: The rule rather than the exception. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004539"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12813","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12813","article-title":"Update on the intricate tango between tick microbiomes and tick-borne pathogens","volume":"43","author":"Bonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00103","article-title":"High-throughput screening of tick-borne pathogens in Europe","volume":"4","author":"Michelet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4718","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0346407","article-title":"Solving the \"world-to-chip\" interface problem with a microfluidic matrix","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3862-4","article-title":"Bovine ticks harbour a diverse array of microorganisms in Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Ghafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghafar, A., Khan, A., Cabezas-Cruz, A., Gauci, C.G., Niaz, S., Ayaz, S., Mateos-Hern\u00e1ndez, L., Galon, C., Nasreen, N., and Moutailler, S. (2020). An assessment of the molecular diversity of ticks and tick-borne microorganisms of small ruminants in Pakistan. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091428"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3816.1.1","article-title":"Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans","volume":"3816","author":"Barker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Roberts, F.H.S. (1970). Australian Ticks, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.10034","article-title":"Phylogeny of hard- and soft-tick taxa (Acari: Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences","volume":"91","author":"Black","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Vrijenhoek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5456","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5456-5465.2003","article-title":"Gene sequence-based criteria for identification of new Rickettsia isolates and description of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis sp. nov","volume":"41","author":"Fournier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"60","article-title":"BioEdit: An important software for molecular biology","volume":"2","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"GERF Bull. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.8.754","article-title":"MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees","volume":"17","author":"Huelsenbeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2109","article-title":"jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing","volume":"9","author":"Darriba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"678","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+ C-content biases","volume":"9","author":"Tamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0066","article-title":"Prevalence of five pathogenic agents in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from western France","volume":"10","author":"Bonnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b04086","article-title":"Microfluidic platform for Next-Generation Sequencing library preparation with low-input samples","volume":"92","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jala.2011.07.001","article-title":"Automated digital Microfluidic sample preparation for Next-Generation DNA Sequencing","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"JALA J. Assoc. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.05.050","article-title":"Point-of-care microfluidic devices for pathogen detection","volume":"117","author":"Nasseri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2045-4","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of the Australasian paralysis ticks and their relatives (Ixodidae: Ixodes: Sternalixodes)","volume":"10","author":"Kwak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00798355","article-title":"Age-related changes in the haematology of young koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) up to one year old","volume":"4","author":"Spencer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comp. Haematol. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-27.2.269","article-title":"Some effects of tick infestations on juvenile northern brown bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus)","volume":"27","author":"Gemmell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.02.002","article-title":"A retrospective study of Babesia macropus associated with morbidity and mortality in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and agile wallabies (Macropus agilis)","volume":"4","author":"Donahoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2012.12.001","article-title":"Observation of a novel Babesia spp. in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in Australia","volume":"2","author":"Dawood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01856-0","article-title":"Tick-borne infectious diseases of dogs","volume":"17","author":"Shaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vpoa.2019.100022","article-title":"Haemaphysalis longicornis: The life-cycle on dogs and cattle, with confirmation of its vector status for Theileria orientalis in Australia","volume":"277","author":"Marendy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12937","article-title":"Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype infection associated with anaemia, abortion and death in beef cattle in Western Australia","volume":"98","author":"Forshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(95)00071-9","article-title":"Costs of major parasites to the Australian livestock industries","volume":"25","author":"McLeod","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.03.022","article-title":"Productivity and health effects of anaplasmosis and babesiosis on Bos indicus cattle and their crosses, and the effects of differing intensity of tick control in Australia","volume":"155","author":"Jonsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"On a Parasite Found in the White Corpuscles of the Blood of Dogs","volume":"14","author":"James","year":"1905","journal-title":"Sci. Mem. Offrs. Med. Sanit. Deps. India"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0606:TOHCTD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Transmission of Hepatozoon canis to dogs by naturally-fed or percutaneously-injected Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks","volume":"87","author":"Baneth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.05.002","article-title":"An Australian dog diagnosed with an exotic tick-borne infection: Should Australia still be considered free from Hepatozoon canis?","volume":"48","author":"Greay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0598","article-title":"Hepatozoon canis infection in Slovakia: Imported or autochthonous?","volume":"7","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1841","article-title":"Tick-borne diseases in Australia","volume":"25","author":"Playford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duron, O., No\u00ebl, V., McCoy, K.D., Bonazzi, M., Sidi-Boumedine, K., Morel, O., Vavre, F., Zenner, L., Jourdain, E., and Durand, P. (2015). The recent evolution of a maternally-inherited endosymbiont of ticks led to the emergence of the Q fever pathogen, Coxiella burnetii. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004892"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090799","article-title":"Novel Rickettsia in ticks, Tasmania, Australia","volume":"15","author":"Izzard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/2\/153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:08Z","timestamp":1760119688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/2\/153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12020153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12020153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}