{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:27:00Z","timestamp":1784824020718,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AI127744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI127744"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 NS125778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS125778"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["AI078878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI078878"]}]},{"name":"NIAID T35 training grant","award":["R01AI127744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI127744"]}]},{"name":"NIAID T35 training grant","award":["R01 NS125778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS125778"]}]},{"name":"NIAID T35 training grant","award":["AI078878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI078878"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zika virus (ZIKV), a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, has caused outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and, more recently, in the Americas. ZIKV has been associated with the neurological autoimmune disorder Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome in adults and congenital Zika syndrome in fetuses and infants, including microcephaly, spontaneous abortion, and intrauterine growth restriction. It is considered to be a major threat to global public health due to its unprecedented clinical impact on humans. Currently, there are no specific prophylactics or therapeutics available to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. The development of a safe and efficacious ZIKV vaccine remains a global health priority. Since the recent outbreak, multiple platforms have been used in the development of candidate ZIKV vaccines. The candidate vaccines have been shown to elicit strong T cell and neutralization antibody responses and protect against ZIKV infection in animal models. Some candidates have progressed successfully to clinical trials. Live-attenuated vaccines, which induce rapid and durable protective immunity, are one of the most important strategies for controlling flavivirus diseases. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the development of candidate live-attenuated ZIKV vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:54:37Z","timestamp":1675047277000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rational Development of Live-Attenuated Zika Virus Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Awadalkareem","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0709-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christy","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4","article-title":"Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Zika virus, French polynesia, South pacific, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Roche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101939","article-title":"Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA","volume":"17","author":"Foy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakkas, H., Bozidis, P., Giannakopoulos, X., Sofikitis, N., and Papadopoulou, C. (2018). An Update on Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus. Pathogens, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens7030066"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-016-0032-y","article-title":"Update on non-vector transmission of dengue: Relevant studies with Zika and other flaviviruses","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam, A., and Jassoy, C. (2021). Epidemiology and Laboratory Diagnostics of Dengue, Yellow Fever, Zika, and Chikungunya Virus Infections in Africa. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101324"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000499128","article-title":"Molecular Basis for Arbovirus Transmission by Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes","volume":"61","author":"Salazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1604449","article-title":"Evidence of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus","volume":"374","author":"Matheron","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00138-9","article-title":"Zika virus: High infectious viral load in semen, a new sexually transmitted pathogen?","volume":"16","author":"Mansuy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2110.150847","article-title":"Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20720","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.9.20720","article-title":"Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome\u2014Case report, French Polynesia, December 2013","volume":"19","author":"Oehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00562-6","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study","volume":"387","author":"Blake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00651-6","article-title":"Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013\u201315: A retrospective study","volume":"387","author":"Cauchemez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffar, K.A., Ng, L.F.P., and Renia, L. (2018). Fast Tracks and Roadblocks for Zika Vaccines. Vaccines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6040077"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1818-4","article-title":"ZIKV viral proteins and their roles in virus-host interactions","volume":"64","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00464-2","article-title":"Measles-based Zika vaccine induces long-term immunity and requires NS1 antibodies to protect the female reproductive tract","volume":"7","author":"Kurup","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08247-9","article-title":"Virus-like particles that display Zika virus envelope protein domain III induce potent neutralizing immune responses in mice","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Bos, S., Tsetsarkin, K.A., Pletnev, A.G., Despres, P., Gadea, G., and Zhao, R.Y. (2019). The Roles of prM-E Proteins in Historical and Epidemic Zika Virus-mediated Infection and Neurocytotoxicity. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020157"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S935","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix515","article-title":"Zika Virus Structure, Maturation, and Receptors","volume":"216","author":"Sirohi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190013","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0013","article-title":"Zika virus proteins at an atomic scale: How does structural biology help us to understand and develop vaccines and drugs against Zika virus infection?","volume":"25","author":"Valente","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins. Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliota, M.T., Caine, E.A., Walker, E.C., Larkin, K.E., Camacho, E., and Osorio, J.E. (2016). Characterization of Lethal Zika Virus Infection in AG129 Mice. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004750"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowall, S.D., Graham, V.A., Rayner, E., Atkinson, B., Hall, G., Watson, R.J., Bosworth, A., Bonney, L.C., Kitchen, S., and Hewson, R. (2016). A Susceptible Mouse Model for Zika Virus Infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/042358"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0111","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Murine Model to Study Zika Virus","volume":"94","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18296","article-title":"The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models","volume":"534","author":"Cugola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.008","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy in Mice Causes Placental Damage and Fetal Demise","volume":"165","author":"Miner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4193","article-title":"Fetal brain lesions after subcutaneous inoculation of Zika virus in a pregnant nonhuman primate","volume":"22","author":"Kapur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12204","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12204","article-title":"A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Dudley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02028","article-title":"Development of a Zika Virus Infection Model in Cynomolgus Macaques","volume":"7","author":"Koide","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.022","article-title":"Characterization of a 2016 Clinical Isolate of Zika Virus in Non-human Primates","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4206","article-title":"Zika viral dynamics and shedding in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques","volume":"22","author":"Osuna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4485","article-title":"Congenital Zika virus infection as a silent pathology with loss of neurogenic output in the fetal brain","volume":"24","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02499-9","article-title":"Zika virus infection in pregnant rhesus macaques causes placental dysfunction and immunopathology","volume":"9","author":"Hirsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliota, M.T., Dudley, D.M., Newman, C.M., Mohr, E.L., Gellerup, D.D., Breitbach, M.E., Buechler, C.R., Rasheed, M.N., Mohns, M.S., and Weiler, A.M. (2016). Heterologous Protection against Asian Zika Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/059592"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsch, A.J., Smith, J.L., Haese, N.N., Broeckel, R.M., Parkins, C.J., Kreklywich, C., DeFilippis, V.R., Denton, M., Smith, P.P., and Messer, W.B. (2017). Zika Virus infection of rhesus macaques leads to viral persistence in multiple tissues. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006219"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402605","article-title":"CD8+ T cells complement antibodies in protecting against yellow fever virus","volume":"194","author":"Bassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5446","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02611-10","article-title":"Pivotal role of antibody and subsidiary contribution of CD8+ T cells to recovery from infection in a murine model of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"85","author":"Larena","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6555","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.11.6555-6562.1992","article-title":"A synthetic peptide to the E glycoprotein of Murray Valley encephalitis virus defines multiple virus-reactive T- and B-cell epitopes","volume":"66","author":"Mathews","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500475112","article-title":"Initial viral load determines the magnitude of the human CD8 T cell response to yellow fever vaccination","volume":"112","author":"Akondy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e378","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30362-6","article-title":"Achieving safe, effective, and durable Zika virus vaccines: Lessons from dengue","volume":"17","author":"Halstead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.04.008","article-title":"Zika Virus Persistence in the Central Nervous System and Lymph Nodes of Rhesus Monkeys","volume":"169","author":"Aid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.12.010","article-title":"Mapping and Role of the CD8(+) T Cell Response during Primary Zika Virus Infection in Mice","volume":"21","author":"Vizcarra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai9137","article-title":"Rapid development of a DNA vaccine for Zika virus","volume":"354","author":"Dowd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines\u2014A new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.016","article-title":"Modified mRNA Vaccines Protect against Zika Virus Infection","volume":"169","author":"Richner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00288-6","article-title":"A genetically stable Zika virus vaccine candidate protects mice against virus infection and vertical transmission","volume":"6","author":"Adam","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0143-3","article-title":"An attenuated Zika virus NS4B protein mutant is a potent inducer of antiviral immune responses","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4322","article-title":"A live-attenuated Zika virus vaccine candidate induces sterilizing immunity in mouse models","volume":"23","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1126\/science.357.6348.241","article-title":"Zika rewrites maternal immunization ethics","volume":"357","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7041255","article-title":"Rapid evolution of RNA genomes","volume":"215","author":"Holland","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.055","article-title":"Stability of RNA virus attenuation approaches","volume":"29","author":"Kenney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61013-4","article-title":"Chimeric flaviviruses: Novel vaccines against dengue fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and Japanese encephalitis","volume":"61","author":"Lai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00282-y","article-title":"A single-dose live attenuated chimeric vaccine candidate against Zika virus","volume":"6","author":"Chin","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7300","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7300-7310.2005","article-title":"Chimeric dengue 2 PDK-53\/West Nile NY99 viruses retain the phenotypic attenuation markers of the candidate PDK-53 vaccine virus and protect mice against lethal challenge with West Nile virus","volume":"79","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1730709","article-title":"A chimeric yellow fever-Zika virus vaccine candidate fully protects against yellow fever virus infection in mice","volume":"9","author":"Kum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02494-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02494-19","article-title":"A Chimeric Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Protects against Lethal Yellow Fever Virus Infection without Inducing Neutralizing Antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annamalai, A.S., Pattnaik, A., Sahoo, B.R., Guinn, Z.P., Bullard, B.L., Weaver, E.A., Steffen, D., Natarajan, S.K., Petro, T.M., and Pattnaik, A.K. (2019). An Attenuated Zika Virus Encoding Non-Glycosylated Envelope (E) and Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) Confers Complete Protection against Lethal Challenge in a Mouse Model. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030112"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01348-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01348-17","article-title":"Zika Virus Encoding Nonglycosylated Envelope Protein Is Attenuated and Defective in Neuroinvasion","volume":"91","author":"Annamalai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02134-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02134-16","article-title":"Understanding Zika Virus Stability and Developing a Chimeric Vaccine through Functional Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2023, January 26). Available online: https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/diseases-conditions\/zika-vaccines."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31375-9","article-title":"Chimeric yellow fever 17D-Zika virus (ChimeriVax-Zika) as a live-attenuated Zika virus vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Goncalvez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02975-w","article-title":"Development of a chimeric Zika vaccine using a licensed live-attenuated flavivirus vaccine as backbone","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazlewood, J.E., Tang, B., Yan, K., Rawle, D.J., Harrison, J.J., Hall, R.A., Hobson-Peters, J., and Suhrbier, A. (2022). The Chimeric Binjari-Zika Vaccine Provides Long-Term Protection against ZIKA Virus Challenge. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010085"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.07.004","article-title":"Isolation of a novel insect-specific flavivirus with immunomodulatory effects in vertebrate systems","volume":"562","author":"Auguste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porier, D.L., Wilson, S.N., Auguste, D.I., Leber, A., Coutermarsh-Ott, S., Allen, I.C., Caswell, C.C., Budnick, J.A., Bassaganya-Riera, J., and Hontecillas, R. (2021). Enemy of My Enemy: A Novel Insect-Specific Flavivirus Offers a Promising Platform for a Zika Virus Vaccine. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101142"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00737-8","article-title":"A single-dose live-attenuated vaccine prevents Zika virus pregnancy transmission and testis damage","volume":"8","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.10.016","article-title":"Functional Analysis of Glycosylation of Zika Virus Envelope Protein","volume":"21","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8004","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8004-8013.2005","article-title":"Inhibition of alpha\/beta interferon signaling by the NS4B protein of flaviviruses","volume":"79","author":"Ashour","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.3.1934-1942.2005","article-title":"Inhibition of interferon signaling by the New York 99 strain and Kunjin subtype of West Nile virus involves blockage of STAT1 and STAT2 activation by nonstructural proteins","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11809","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00791-07","article-title":"Differential effects of mutations in NS4B on West Nile virus replication and inhibition of interferon signaling","volume":"81","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2335168100","article-title":"Inhibition of interferon signaling by dengue virus","volume":"100","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.9.5428-5438.2003","article-title":"Topology of the membrane-associated hepatitis C virus protein NS4B","volume":"77","author":"Lundin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.03.007","article-title":"A single amino acid substitution in the central portion of the West Nile virus NS4B protein confers a highly attenuated phenotype in mice","volume":"349","author":"Wicker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0038321","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00383-21","article-title":"A Live-Attenuated Zika Virus Vaccine with High Production Capacity Confers Effective Protection in Neonatal Mice","volume":"95","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00701-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00701-18","article-title":"Zika Virus Attenuation by Codon Pair Deoptimization Induces Sterilizing Immunity in Mouse Models","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.8.1595-1597.1988","article-title":"Formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine induces antibodies to the fusion glycoprotein that are deficient in fusion-inhibiting activity","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0039-7","article-title":"Zika virus vaccines","volume":"16","author":"Abbink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0167-8","article-title":"An optimized purified inactivated Zika vaccine provides sustained immunogenicity and protection in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"5","author":"Lecouturier","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30733-7","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a purified inactivated Zika virus vaccine candidate in healthy adults: An observer-blind, randomised, phase 1 trial","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33105-7","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of two Zika virus DNA vaccine candidates in healthy adults: Randomised, open-label, phase 1 clinical trials","volume":"391","author":"Gaudinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708120","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of an Anti-Zika Virus DNA Vaccine\u2014Preliminary Report","volume":"385","author":"Tebas","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax2388","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax2388","article-title":"NS1 DNA vaccination protects against Zika infection through T cell-mediated immunity in immunocompetent mice","volume":"5","author":"Wijesundara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104521","article-title":"NS1-based DNA vaccination confers mouse protective immunity against ZIKV challenge","volume":"85","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07008-0","article-title":"Human antibodies targeting Zika virus NS1 provide protection against disease in a mouse model","volume":"9","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523213666131125095046","article-title":"Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy, vaccination and cancer gene therapy","volume":"13","author":"Wold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60238-5","article-title":"Characterization of a Species E Adenovirus Vector as a Zika virus vaccine","volume":"10","author":"Bullard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04859-5","article-title":"Rational Zika vaccine design via the modulation of antigen membrane anchors in chimpanzee adenoviral vectors","volume":"9","author":"Abbink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3515","article-title":"Dengue virus sero-cross-reactivity drives antibody-dependent enhancement of infection with zika virus","volume":"17","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602180","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Innate Immune Augmenting Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Zika Virus Proteins Confers Protective Immunity","volume":"198","author":"Betancourt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/2\/194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:17:33Z","timestamp":1760120253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/2\/194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12020194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12020194","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]}}}